13

IEIANOA?NOAI IAUAAI E I?IOANNEIIAEUeIIAI IA?ACIAAIEss

O?AEUeNEEE YEIIIIE*ANEEE EIEAAeAE

OAEOEUeOAO OEIAINIA E AOOAAEOA?NEIAI O*AOA

IANIINOAI: ENOI?Ess E ?IEUe A NIA?AIAIIIE IIEEOE*ANEIE AEECIE

?AOA?AO

NOOAeAIOEE A?. A 36

IA?AOssAEIIE

AIIU AEAAeEIE?IAIU

AeIIONOEOUe E CAUEOA I?AIIAeAAAOAEUe

E.O.I., AeIOe. AAOIOEEIA O.A.

AEAOA?EAO?A

1997

IEAI

n.Aaaaeaiea31. Iiiyoea ianiinoaa4 111.1. E?aoeee neiaa?ue ianiineeo
oa?ieiia41.2. Iniiau oeeinioee ianiinoaa
51.3. Iniaaiiinoe ianiinoaa
6 1.4.
Ia?yaeu
7 9 4.1. Eaaaiaea i Oe?aia
7 4.2 Iinayuaiey a noaiaiue
7 - 8
4.3. O?ai.
8 9 4.4 Eiaea
9 4.5. Neiaieeea
91.5. Aeaaiue
aeieoiaio ianiinoaa
101.6. Nienie noaiaiae ea?a?oee
112 Enoi?ey
?acaeoey ianiinoaa e ?ieue a enoi?ee
12 192.1. Aa?iia
12 132.2 ?inney
14 162.3
Aic?iaeaeaiea a ?innee
17 19Caeeth/aiea
20Nienie eeoa?aoo?u

21I?eeiaeaiea

AAAAeAIEA

Ia?aaeeaaaiia iaie a?aiy, eiaaea ?ooeony aaooee ie? e i?ienoiaeeo
ia?aioeaiea anao oeaiiinoae, iniaaiii aiaaoi ?acee/iiai ?iaea
ineoicaie.

Ineoeea ethaeae iio?ynaia eniuoaiiuie e ia?aaeeaaaiuie aaaenoaeyie.
Ethaee euoo ioaaoia ia iiiaea iaiiiyoiua e iaauaaeua yaeaiey, ii
oae eae ioaaou ia nia?aiaiiua aii?inu aeecie ai?acaei neiaeiaa
iauaeaiiiai /aeiaa/aneiai iuoeaiey, a naie yaeaiey /anoi
i?aauoatho ianooaa iiieiaiey ethaeae n?aaeiaai ia?aie/aiiiai
ie?iiiieiaiey, oi caeanue ioe?uaaaony aeinooi aeey oae
iacuaaaiuo a?aaeiauo eaeae. Anyeee ?anoeaieaaao yaeaiey e niauoey
nia?aiaiiie aeecie niioaaonoaaiii naiaio niciaieth, n oi/ee c?aiey
naiaai eioaeeaeooaeueiiai e ii?aeueiiai ?acaeoey.

I ianiinoaa a?aonoaa "aieueiuo eaiaiueeia", aaaeoueo naia
i?ienoiaeaeaiea io n?aaeiaaaeiauo ianoa?ia no?ieoaeueiiai eneonnoaa, io
na. Oeaaeueaea /1017-1066 a. / e ?icaie?aeoea?i. Oaiieea?ai e
eeeethieiaoai e nia?aiaiiui ianiiai - nouanoaotho aeaa iiaiey, o?oaeii
niaianoeiua ae?oa n ae?oaii: iaeie n/eoatho aai aaciaeaeiui eeoaii,
iaeei aeaaioai?eoaeueiui iauanoaii; aeey ae?oaeo iii a?aaeiay naeoa ia
aac aa?aeneiai aeeyiey, aeiiaiee anao aaae ia naaoa. O?aouey, iiaeaeoe,
ia ciaao i ianiinoaa aiiaua ie/aai, ii eiaiii yoi iiaoaeeei iaiy
caeioa?aniaaoueny yoei yaeaieai , oe aei neo ii? eiiaaea aniiieiatho
ianiiia a eeoa?aoo?a, enoi?ee, oaeaaeaeaiee e aacaoao., iia caoioaeinue
naiie ?acia?aoueny e ii?aaeaeeoue ni naieo iiceoeee ianoieueei iii
iieiaeeoaeueii eeai io?eoeaoaeueii.

Inoaiiaeiny ia iaeaieaa iniiaiuo iiiyoeyo i ianiinoaa, enoi?ee
?acaeoey., ia?yaeao ii?yaeeao a ianiineeo eiaeao, iciaeiieiny n enoi?eae
iaeaieaa auaeathueony ethaeye,. ioiinyueony e ianiiai, a oii /enea e a
?innee. Aeey eo/oaai iiieiaiey inoaiiaeiny ia niaoeeaeueiuo oa?ieiao
ianiiia, /oi iicaieeo eo/oa iiiyoue yoi yaeaiea.

E?AOEEE NEIAA?Ue IANIINEEO OA?IEIIA

Aeoa?ue - ianoi, aaea ainnaaeaao Aeinoi/oeiue Ianoa?. A?aiiaa -
ianoa?neay, aaea niae?athony a?aouey ec ?aciuo eiae, ii ana eiatho
noaiaiue ia ieaea 15-e. A?oeaeno - aeaeeioaea?ue. A?oeoaeoi? -
caaaaeothuee o?aiii. Aaeia ianiinoai - eoaea i?eieiatho aeaiuei e
i?eaeaoathony i?ioaiu.

Aaeeeay Eieeaaey ?eooaeia - neaaeeo ca eniieiaieai ?eooaeia.

Aaeeeee Yenia?o - caiaiyao I?ea?aoieea eee Nae?aoa?y, a eiiaaea aeaaea
Aaeeeiai Ianoa?a. Ii n/eoaao aieina i?e auai?ao iiaiai eaiaeeaeaoa,
ieoao ioeacu caaaeeioe?iaaiiui e o.ae.

Aoeueaa?iia iauanoai - onoa?aeia iaeiaiiaaiea, a XX aaea ioa?ioaiiia,
caiaiaiiia neiaii i?ioai, o. a. ia-ia-nii.

Aunoea Ianoa?neea - nia?aiey ianiiia io 4 aei 33°.

Aea?iaeaoaeue - caaaaeothuee aeaaioai?eoaeueiuie noiiaie (eiiaaea oaeaea
eniieiythuee iaycaiiinoe ono?ieoaey aaieaoia).

Aeaeaaao - aua?aiiue aeey ianiineie noaeaaiie nannee.

Aeaiooao - aua?aiiue a ianiineee Eiiaaio. Aeieeia - ai?iae, a eioi?ii
canaaeaao Eaieooe.

Eieoeeaoeey - iinayuaiea. E.N.- enoeiiue naao.

Eiiaaio - Aaia?aeueiay Annaiaeay Ianiineie Oaaea?aoeee.

Ee?ea - aeeea. Eiiaoea - iiaeee.

Iineoaeue Ciaiaie - eiiaaea ii aea Iineoaeue Oiaae, Iineoaeue Nayuaiiiai
Iaiy, eiiaaea iiiiaathuee Ianoa?o oea?aiiiee eee aaieaoia.

Ia?aaeiee - eiaeaiue, eaaae?aoiue, iaycaoaeai ai anyeia a?aiy ia
nanneyo, ia/eiay n 3°.

Ia?/aoee - iinyony ia nanneyo. Eo eeaaeao a a?ia oia?oaio aai aeaia eee
aeeceee ae?oa. Iiaeianoa?uea - ianii 2°.

I?eaaaea aeaeiaaiuey - iiauoaiea a neaaeothuee a?aaeon(iai?., ec Ianoa?a
3° a Oaeiiai Ianoa?a 4°). I?eeiniiaaiey - ianiineea ciaee aeey ociaaaiey
a?aoueaa.

?aaioa - caiyoey a?aoueaa ia nanneyo, a oaeaea ia aaaiao.

?aaeeaoeey - eneeth/aiea ec oaeiiai iauanoaa, ia a?aiy eee iaanaaaea.

?ica e E?ano - neiaieu ianiiia 18°. ?uoea?ue ?icu e E?anoa - a?ao 18°.

No?aae aeaa?ae - ii aea i?ea?aoiee, noieo o aeaa?ae, aioo?e eee
nia?oaee, ioe?uaaao eo oieueei ii i?eeacaieth 2-ai Nae?aoa?y eee
Iaaethaeaoaey.

Nanney - nia?aiea ianiiia.

Oaeiue Ianoa? - ia?aay noaiaiue Ianoa?a.

Oe?aoaiey - caacaeu, ciaee, eaiou, oio?u, eenoe e o. ae. (iineiua ia
naaa).

Oniooue - aueoe ia a?aiy ec eiaee.

Oniooue ia Ainoiea Aa/iii - oia?aoue.

Onuiiaeaiea - aooeeueyoeey, i?eiyoea a eiaeo ianiia, auaoaai aei yoiai
a ae?oaie eiaea eeai oiai aea, eeai ae?oaiai Iineooaiey.

Onuieoue - iono?aieoue a?aoa ia ei?ioeia a?aiy. O/aiee - ianii 1°.

Oeeinioneee Niaao - Ianoa?neay a?aoueaa io 30° aei 33°.

Oeaa - naeoaoea. *a?aieoea - oa?aeea.

INIIAU OEEINIOEE ianiiia naiaeyony e neaaeothuei iiiyoeyi:

Ianiao ninoaaeaiiue nienie ec 12-oe ioieoia ia iaaieueoii eenoea
iiaeaeoaaoae aoiaae iaoaeny a Ia?eaeneii a?oeaa. A ieo eceiaeaia any
oeeinioey oaeiiai iauanoaa na. Oeaaeue-aea, ii a ianeieueei
iiaea?iece?iaaiiii aeaea:

1. Aoaeai aianoa.

2. Aoaeai ethaeoue ae?oa ae?oaa.

3. Aoaeai aiai?eoue i aeaaa naiaiaeu.

4. Aoaeai oaaaeaoue ae?oa ae?oaa.

5. Aoaeai ono?aeaaoue iaiyoiua nia?aiey iinea nia?oe ae?oa ae?oaa.

6. Aoaeai noa?aoueny ia nii?eoue ae?oa n ae?oaii.

7. Aoaeai niae?aoueny /anoi.

8. Ieaoeoue aciinu.

9. Aoaeai ia iai?/aoue ae?oa ae?oaa.

10. Aoaeai /eoaoue aeieeaaeu ia anyeea oaiu.

11. Aoaeai niaethaeaoue ?eooaeu.

12. Aoaeai o?aieoue oaeiu.

Ianiinoai eioa?aniaeoaa yaeaiea a enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa, eioi?ia ii-
?aciiio e i?yii i?ioeaiiieiaeii oa?aeoa?ecotho e ioeaieaatho enoi?eee
aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie. Aeey iaai oa?aeoa?ii nii?yaeaiea ie?a aeaeaeneeo
eaeae, iiiyoee, ia?acia, a ?aaii e aioeie?a, aeeth/athuaai oi, /oi
i?ioeainoieo ei. Yoi aeaao iiaiae i?ioeaieeai ianiiia ecia?aaeaoue eo
eae neoaeeoaeae aioeo?enoa e eoeueoa naoaiu, /oi, eiia/ii aea, yaeyaony
aeoaieie ioeaeie.

"Ianiinoai iaeii ec ienoe/aneeo ii?aeueii ?aeeaeiciuo aeaeaeaiee
ao?aeoaciiai iauanoaa. Eoeueo, aeiaiaoeea, ?eooae aua ?iaeieee aai n
oea?eiaueth. No?aieaiea aeeyoue ia iieeoeeo iooai i?iaeaeaeaiey a
?acee/iua caaiuey ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa naieo a?aoueaa, iaeioi?ua
/a?ou i?aaiecaoeee, o?aaeeoeeiiiua aeeneonnee i?aaeainoeuaee iiiaea
/a?ou iieeoe/aneie ia?oee" - n/eoaeinue a aieueoaaenoneie ?innee aei
ianoiyuaai a?aiaie, iiaeiaiua acaeyaeu a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
ia?aniao?eaathony e ooi/iythony. A aoaeouai enoi?ey iinoaaeo ia
enoeiiia ianoi yoi oa/aiea niaeanii ia eiiioienoe/aneie ii?aee, a
iaua/aeiaa/aneeo oeaiiinoae.

Aoiinoa?a oaeiu, ieoouaaaoay ianiinoai, cae?uoinoue eiae niinianoaiaaee
oiio, /oi i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo iie iiaee i?aa?auaoueny ia oieueei
a oeaio?u oeeinioneie, ii e iieeoe/aneie i?iiaaaiaeu, eniieueciaaoueny
aeey ?acee/iiai ?iaea caaiai?ia.

Iaeiie ec ioee/eoaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae ianiineeo i?aaiecaoeee anoue
oi, /oi iie ieeiaaea ia aunooiatho ioe?uoi, ieeiaaea ia
ii?iaa?aatho, ieeiaaea ia ioaa/atho ie ia iioaaeo, ie ia auiaaeee.
E?iia oiai, ia caaoaeai, /oi nouanoaiaaiea Anaeaiiie iniiaaii ia
aeiiey?iinoe, aneaaenoaea /aai eaaeaeia yaeaiea aeecie e
eaaeaeia /aeiaa/aneia ia/eiaiea oiaea eiaao aeaa iiey?iinoe -
iieiaeeoaeueioth e io?eoeaoaeueioth. Ia iiaeao nouanoaiaaoue oi,
/oi ia eiaao i?ioeaiiieiaeaiey, e ii ia?a oiai eae a
eaeii-ieaoaeue yaeaiee iaeia noi?iia iiaeiuaao ae?oaoth - en/acaao
naii yaeaiea, eai en/acaao aeiiey?iinoue, oi anoue, iniiaa aeey
nouanoaiaaiey. Iiyoiio, aiai?y ia io?eoeaoaeueiuo yaeaieyo, ioaeii
iiiieoue, /oi ?ac nouanoaoao ia/oi io?eoeaoaeueiia, oi
nouanoaoao e aai i?ioeaiiieiaeaiea - ia/oi iieiaeeoaeueiia, ii
iii ii/aio-oi eee ia caia/aaony, eee oiuoeaiii caiae/eaaaony.

Enoiee ianiinoaa ioiinyo, /ooue ee ia e "ia/aeo a?aiai", iacuaay ia?aui
ianiiii eiiaaea naiiai Aiaa oai?oea eee i?e aieaa "ne?iiiuo"
ono?aieaieyo Aaeaia, ia?aiai /aeiaaea. Ei?ie ianiinoaa ooiaeyo a
aeoaieoth ae?aaiinoue, e aeaeiu ii?aaeaeaiiua aiaeiaee iaaeaeo
ianiinoaii e ae?oaeie ecaanoiuie a enoi?ee n ae?aaiaeoeo a?aiai oaeiuie
iauanoaaie ?aeeaeicii-ienoe/aneiai e ?aeeaeicii-iieeoe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a.

Niaeanii A?eoaineie yioeeeeiiaaeee neiai ianiinoai i?iecioei io
aiaeeeneiai free masonry e o?aioeocneiai Franc magon aieueiue eaiaiuee,
/oi icia/aei "o/aiea e i?aeoeea nae?aoiiai a?aoneiai i?aeaia, e?oiiaeoae
anaie?iie i?aaiecaoeee". Aai iiaeii o?aeoiaaoue e eae ii?aeueii
yoie/aneia aeaeaeaiea n oeaeueth "i?inaauathuaai" aeeyiey ia aeanoiua
no?oeoo?u e i?iieeiiaaieai a ieo. Ianiiu ?aaiiaeooii ioiinyony e
?aeeaeiciie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe naieo /eaiia, oioy anaaaea aucuaaee e
aucuaatho a?aaeaeo ni noi?iiu oea?eaae ?acee/iuo aa?ieniiaaaeaiee. Iie
n/eoatho i?eaieaiuie ethaua iieeoe/aneea no?oeoo?u, - anee a ieo
i?eciaaony aaaeiinoue i?aanoaaiiiai ainieoaiey ethaeae.

IA?ssAeU.

I?yiuie i?aaeoanoaaiieeaie ianiiia yaeyeenue n?aaeiaaaeiaua eaiaiueee,
no?ieoaee niai?ia a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia, io eioi?uo e i?iecioei naii
iacaaiea a?aonoaa "o?aieianiiu" eee "aieueiua eaiaiueee". ?anoeaao
aioe/aneie a?oeoaeoo?u auniei iiaeiye aaoi?eoao no?ieoaeae, iniaaiii
ianoa?ia e a?oeoaeoi?ia. A oi a?aiy aeaaea aiaa eiiaaea ecia?aaeaee eae
A?oeoaeoi?a, i?eeeaaeuaathuaai e Caiea oee?eoeue no?ieoaey.

Eiaiii a yoi a?aiy iieo/eea iniaia cao/aiea eaaaiaea i Oe?aia no?ieoaea
o?aia aeaeaeneiai oea?y Nieiiiia, eioi?ay eaaea a iniiao oaeinoa
ianiinoaa iiaiai e iiaaeoaai a?aiaie aianoa n ia?yaeaie n?aaeiaaaeiauo
no?ieoaeueiuo eiae. A oaenoa Aeaeee aeaaaeaeu oiiieiaaony i Oe?aia,
?oeiaiaeeoaea no?ieoaeueiuo ?aaio o oea?y Nieiiiia. Oe?ai ?acaeaeee
naieo iiae/eiaiiuo (a caaeneiinoe io i?ioanneiiaeueiuo ea/anoa e
ona?aeey) ia o?e ?ac?yaea, iinoaaea ianoa?ia iaae iiaeianoa?ueyie.
Eaaeaeue ?ac?yae iieo/ee naie ia?ieue, iiiciaaaoaeueiua ciaee e ?eooaeu.
Iaeiaaeaeu iiaeianoa?uey ?aoeee auaaaeaoue ia?ieue ianoa?ia. Iie
iiaenoa?aaee Oe?aia, eiaaea ii aioae a O?ai, e cae?uee o?e auoiaea. Iiae
oa?icie nia?oe iiaeianoa?uey iio?aaiaaee io naiaai ianoaaieea iacaaoue
ei caaaoiia neiai, ii oio i?aaeii/ae oia?aoue, ii ia auaeaoue oaeiu.
O?oi Oe?aia iiaeianoa?uey ca?uee ia oieia. *a?ac naiue aeiae Nieiiii,
ano?aaiaeaiiue en/aciiaaieai naiaai ciae/aai, i?eeacae aeaayoe ianoa?ai
iouneaoue aai. Iinea oyaeaeuo iieneia caoi?iiaiea Oe?aia, iaae eioi?ui
neye naao, auei iaeaeaii. Ioiaoea yoi ianoi aaoeie aeaoeee (iia noaea
iaeiei ec neiaieia ianiinoaa), ianoa?a aa?ioeenue ai aeai?aoe e
niiaueee Nieiiiio i ai?anoiie iaoiaeea. Oio aaeae i?eianoe oaei Oe?aia a
O?ai. Ii o?oi enoeae. Aineeeoeaiea ianoa?a, ia?aui iaia?oaeeaoaai yoi, -
"O?oi enoeae!" e noaei oai ia?ieai, eioi?ue ia?aaeaaaeny a ianiineeo
eiaeao io ianoa?a n ianoa?o. A ae?oaii io?uaea Aeaeee, aaea ?a/ue eaeao
i Oe?aia, ii iacuaaaony "nuiii aaeiau". Ionthaea aai iineaaeiaaoaee,
eaeiauie n/eoaee naay ianiiu, oiaea noaee iacuaaoueny "nuiiaueyie
aaeiau".

Niaeanii yoie eaaaiaeu i?iecaiaeyony ia?yaeu iinayuaiey a ianiineeo
i?aaiecaoeeyo, iai?eia?: a noaiaiue O/aieea e Ianoa?a.

Iinayuaiea a O/aieee.

Anooieaiea a ianiineia a?aonoai inouanoaeyaony ii ?aeiiaiaeaoeee
oaaaeaaiuo aai /eaiia, iinea i?ioiaeaeaiey iiae/eii eniuoaoaeueiiai
n?iea, eioi?ue caaa?oaeny iiiai/aniaui i?aauaaieai a eaaeiaoa
?aciuoeaiee. Anee a?aouey i?eciaaaee iiae/ea aeinoieiui i?enooieoue e
Aeooiaiie ?aaioa, aai i?eieiaee a eiaeo a ea/anoaa o/aieea, a eiiaaea
n?aco a iiaeianoa?uey.

?eooae iinayuaiey aue aeinoaoi/ii neiaeiui e niaethaeaeny a iaeue/aeoeo
aeaoaeyo, eioi?ua a ?acee/iuo eiaeao iiaee ?acee/aoueny. Iaeiaei
iniiaiua yeaiaiou ?eooaea auee aanueia onoie/eauie a oa/aiee noieaoee.
Iiae/eo iaiaaeaee aei eieaia eaaoth iiao e i?aaia iea/i, /oi
neiaieece?iaaei iieioth ioe?uoinoue ia?aae aoaeouae aeeciueth e
nia?aoueyie, caaycuaaee aeaca e e?oaeiui iooai ii ia?aoiaeai e
eanoieoeai i?iaiaeeee a iiiauaiea eiaee. I?e yoii ii iia iiaeaa?aaoueny
eaaeei oaea?ai, eniuoaieth iaiai, i?eeiniiaaieth oiaa oae eniuouaaee
aai noieeinoue e ioaeanoai.

A eiaea n iaai ?acei nieiaee iiayceo e ono?aieyee a eeoei y?eee naao.
Iinayuaaiue ieacuaaeny ia?aae aicauoaieai, ia eioi?ii noiye a?ia. A yoii
a?iao eaaeae "ia?oaaoe" eeai iaeei ec a?aoueaa ea?aaoee ?ieue ia?oaaoea
eeai neaeao eee eoeea. A ianiineii ?eooaea neiaieu nia?oe /a?ai, a?ia n
einoyie e ae?oaea ea?aee aaaeiaeooth ?ieue. Ianiiiaiii, a yoii aue
yeaiaio ea?iaie oaeiu, "iano?aoiiai" oaeana, iaeciaiii i?eoyaeaathuaai
/aeiaaea.

Iinayuaiea a noaiaiue Ianoa?a.

A o?aia iioneaaony o?ao?iay caaana, oe?aoaiiay aeai/oaeeiaie neiaieii
neac. Nieioea cae?uoi aoaeueth. A oeaio?a o?aia a?ia Ianoa?a e aaoaue
aeaoeee. Ana aioiai e iinayuaieth Iiaeianoa?uey a noaiaiue Ianoa?a.
Aeoaieay oeoeia i?aaeoanoaoao ia/aeo ?eooaea. Iinayuaiey a aua aieaa
aunieea noaiaie eeoue iiaeoaa?aeyo aaaaeaiea a noaiaiue Ianoa?a, oe?anyo
eaeeie-oi iiauie ea/anoaaie, ii oaea ie/aai ia niiaoo aeiaaaeoue e nooe
i?ienoiaeyuaai nae/an.

A?ao ianoaaiee neo/aeii iaia?oaeee, /oi aie?oa o?aia, "iia?oaeaiiue a
aeoaieoth iaaeeoaoeeth", neeoaaony Iiaeianoa?uea. Ii acuneoao Naaoa,
aicaeayiey ca naie o?oae. Ii aeaeao noaiaie Ianoa?a. Aeinoiii/oaiiue
aieiaoaeueii iniao?eaaao aai ?oee e oa?ooe. Iie iacaiyoiaiiu.
Iiaeianoa?uey aeieaeai ia?aoaaiooue /a?ac a?ia Oe?aia e inoaiiaeoueny a
iiaao o iieieiiai Ianoa?a, aeyaey a i?ioeaiiieiaeioth noi?iio. Iiaeiaii
oiio, eae i?ienoiaeeei ioiaeaeanoaeaiea aeeaiai n aiaeanoaii, oae e
nae/an Iiaeianoa?uea n yoiai iiiaioa Oe?ai. A?ia, a eioi?ii i?aaeaea
auei caeeth/aii oaei Ianoa?a, oaia?ue iono e aioia i?eiyoue Ianoa?a.
Iinayuaaiue ia?aaeeaaao aianoa n Oe?aiii anth aai aeeciue e no?aoioth
nia?oue. Oaia?ue ii Oe?ai. Ana a?aouey i?eieiatho o/anoea a
"i?iaoaeaeaiee" ianoa?a ioi nia. Aeinoiii/oaiiue, aniiiiaaaiue aeaoiy
Niio?eoaeyie, "iiaeieiaao" Oe?aia, iaeeaaeuaay "?oeo ia ?oeo, nooiith ia
nooiith, eieaii e eieaio, a?oaeue e a?oaee".

Oe?ai aine?anaao. Ii aine?anaao e aeecie a iiaii Ianoa?a, eioi?ue
i?eiineo i?enyao. Ae?oaea Ianoa?a ?aaeinoii i?eaaonoaotho aai.
Aeinoiii/oaiiue Ianoa? aiciineo oaaeu Aaeeeiio A?oeoaeoi?o Anaeaiiie ca
oi, /oi "Ianoa? iaoaeny e eee aai aieaa naaoae, /ai i?aaeaea".
Niio?eoaee ia?auathony e a?aoueyi niaaeeieoueny, /oiau "ioi?acaeiiaaoue
aica?auaiea naaoa e enoeiu".A iaeioi?uo /anoyo caiiiai oa?a aei neo ii?
inouanoaeytho oaao?aeecaoeeth yoie eaaaiaeu.

Iienaiea ia?yaea oiai a?aiaie aeaao aiciiaeiinoue ii/onoaiaaoue oaeinoai
e caaaaei/iinoue yoiai aeaenoaey, eioi?ia i?eoyaeaaei ethaeae euoueo.,
oai?/aneeo, n aiaaoie oaioaceae e oiii.

Iiae aeeyieai yoie eaaaiaeu oeaio?aeueiui neiaieii ianiinoaa noae O?ai,
eioi?ue yaeyaony neiaieii aaeeeie ?aaiou, niceaeaiey aiaeanoaaiiiai e
/aeiaa/aneiai. Aicaeaeaaaiue niaeanii i?aaeaa/iiio ieaio Aaeeeiai
A?oeoaeoi?a Anaeaiiie O?ai anoue e neiaie Ie?iaiai ii?yaeea. A Ie?iaie
ii?yaeie iaoiaeeo io?aaeaiea a a?aonoaa aieueiuo eaiaiueeia. O?ai oaeaea
neiaie aunoae e?aniou e aeooiaiinoe. Eaaeaeue ianii e?iiioeeaie ?aaioie
iaae niaie aeieaeai aicaeaeaiooue Aeooiaiue O?ai a naaa naiii. Anooiay a
eiaeo, eioi?ay ii ?eooaeo naia yaeyaony i?iaeoeeae O?aia e iiaeaeue
anaeaiiie, iiae/ie iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii Ianoa?a ia/eiaao ?aaioo iaae
iaioanaiiui eaiiai, eioi?ue neiaieece?oao i?e?iaeiia ninoiyiea /aeiaaea.
Iinayuaaiue i?enooiaao e no?ieoaeuenoao naiiai naay, eai /aeiaae, e aeoo
aai, e oaei aai oiaea anoue "O?ai Ainiiaeai".

"Eaaeaeia neiai, eaaeaeue caoe, eaaeaeue oaa, aeaeaeaiea yoi io?aaeaiea
? O?ai ii nooe naiae caiieiyao oece/aneia e aeooiaiia c?aiea a?aoueaa"
oaeeie neiaaie iaeei ec ianiiia ia?aaeae naia noaoai eioeiiia
ia?aaeeaaiea ?eooaeueiinoe e neiaieeee, naycaiiuo n ianiineei o?aiii.

O?ai eiaao i?yiioaieueioth oi?io. Iioieie onuiai caacaeaie, iie n
oci?ii a aeaea oaoiaoiie aeinee. Iaeia ec noai ia aeinoeaaao iioieea.
I?e aoiaea a O?ai, neiaiee/anee ia?auaiiue ia Caiaae, aicauoathony aeaa
eieiiiu B e J. Ia Ainoiea onoaiiaeai o?ii Ianoa?a,
i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaothuaai a eiaea. Aicea o?iia aiceiaeaiu naa?eathuee
ia/ e ae?oaea neiaiee/aneea i?aaeiaou. Ainoi/iay noaia oe?aoaia
ecia?aaeaieyie Nieioea e Eoiu, Nayuaiiie Aeaeueou (?aaiinoi?iiiaai
o?aoaieueieea a eo/ao neaau ni anaaeaeyuei ieii a oeaio?a), a oaeaea
eieoeeaeaie ?a/aiey "Ai neaao Aaeeeiai A?oeoaeoi?a Anaeaiiie". Ia
Caiaaea e THaa ?aniieiaeaiu ianoa 1-ai e2-ai Niio?eoaeae, i?e eioi?uo
onoaiiaeaiu eaiaeaeya?u niioaaonoaaiii n iaeiie e aeaoiy naa/aie. A
eaiaeaeya?a Ianoa?a o?e naa/e.

A oeaio?a O?aia o?aoaieueiue aeoa?ue, ia eioi?ii eaaeao Aeaeey,
oaieueiee e oee?eoeue. Ia eaaeaeie ec o?ao a?aiae aeoa?y ia/a?oaiu
neiaa: Naiaiaea ?aaainoai A?aonoai. O iiaeiiaeey aeoa?y iaeei
iaioanaiiue e iaeei ioanaiiue eaiaiue, ?aai/ea eino?oiaiou eaiaiueea.

A O?aia iaoiaeyony oaeaea noaooe Ieia?au, Aa?aeea e Aaia?u. Aaeieue noai
E?aniue oio?, caaycaiiue a naiue "oceia ethaae".

Ianiiu niae?athony a O?aia n oai, /oiau ?aaioaoue "aac ia?aaeuoee" iaae
nianoaaiiui niaa?oainoaiaaieai, i /ai e iaiiieiaao ei e eaaeaeiio
iiaii?eauaoaio Ianoa?. A ianiineii eaeneeiia niaa?oainoaiaaiea
?aaiicia/ii yoeea no?ieoaeuenoaa. Ianii i?ecaai aa/ii no?ieoue.

Iinea oiai eae ianiiu aioee a O?ai e ?oeiaiaeeoaee eiaee caiyee naie
ianoa, ia/eiaaony ?aaioa. Niaeanii ?eooaeo iia neiaiee/anee ia/eiaaony
?iaii a iieaeaiue, iiae/a?eeaay niey?iinoue niauoey. A iieaeaiue
ia?iaiaeeeoey?iua eo/e nieioea inaauatho e nia?aaatho caieth n
iaeaieueoae eioaineaiinoueth. Yoi iaae/aneia iaiiaaiea,
aeaaiaeainoaothuaa o?oaeai ianiiia, eioi?ua naycuaatho ana naie /ayiey n
iiiyoeai naaoa.

N?aaeiaaaeiaua no?ieoaee auee iauaaeeiaiu a i?ioanneiiaeueiua
oiaa?euanoaa iie, iacuaaeenue eiaeaie, - ai aeaaa eaaeaeie eiaee noiye
ianoa?. *eaiu eiaee auee naycaiu ia oieueei oaeiaie i?ioanneiiaeueiiai
ianoa?noaa e ocaie acaeiiiiiiue, ii e ii?aaeaeaiiuie ?eooaeaie, ne?uouie
io iaiinayuaiiuo acaeiiuie iaycaoaeuenoaaie.

Eiaea niiauanoai eca?aiiuo, iauaaeeiaiiuo ocaie aeooiaiiai ?iaenoaa e
ii?aaeaeaiiie eeyoaie, y/aeea ianiineiai a?aonoaa. Eiaeae aea iacuaaaony
iiiauaiea, a eioi?ii i?ioiaeyo nia?aiey aieueiuo eaiaiueeia. Iioieie a
iai aeieaeai auoue aieoaui, neiaieece?oy iaaaniue naiae, eioi?ue
iie?uaatho caacaeu. Noaiu caae?aie?iaaiu. Ieia auoiaeyo ia o?e noi?iiu
naaoa ainoie, caiaae e tha. A oeaio?a ia aicauoaiee e?anei aeaau
eiaee, Aaeeeiai iaaeno?a (Ianoa?a). Ia aeoa?a Aeaeey e i?aaeiaou
neiaieece?otho ianiineoth ?aaioo. Ia noaiao e aaeaeaoeiao iaiaoiaeeiua
yeaiaiou oa?ainoaa eiaee ecia?aaeathony ?acee/iua ciaee, eniieiaiiua
oaeiiai niunea, - o?aoaieueiee ni Nayuaiiui Neiaii, nieioea (enoeia),
eoia (ethaiaue), caacaea (naao oieaa?naeueiiai ?acoia) e iiiaea ae?oaea.

Ianiineay eiaea yoi naiaia?aciue eoeueoo?iue oeaio?, eioi?ue ia
i?aneaaeoao oeaee caoooaaaoue nioeeaeueioth noi?iio auoey aoeeueaa?ii
iiiyoui "a?aoaieai" iaaeaeo i?aaenoaaeoaeyie aunoeo e iecoeo neiaa
iauanoaa. Ca i?aaeaeaie eiaee aieueiua eaiaiueee ?acaeaeaiu a neeo eo
nioeeaeueiie i?eiaaeeeaaeiinoe e iieeoe/aneeo acaeyaeia.

A eiaeo ii caeiio ia iiaee aoiaeeoue aieaa 30-oe a?aoueaa. Eiaaea yoi
neo/aeinue, iia auaeaeyea ec naay iiaoth eiaeo. Ia?aay eiaea, oaeei
ia?acii, noaiiaeeanue "eiaeae-iaoa?ueth", aeaaoae ?iaeaeaiea iieiaeie
eiaea, a eiiaaea e ianeieueeei. Oaeie "eiaeae-iaoa?ueth" noaea "Anoay,
eiaaea ec iaa auaeaeeeny "Eioin". ?onneay "Anoay" Iineooaiey Aaeeeie
Eiaee auea iniiaaia a 1908 a., e aiciaiiaeaiiay a Ia?eaea a 1922 a.
(ioeoeeaeueii a 1924 a.), iia i?ioeaaoaea aeaayoue eao, eiaaea ?aoaii
auei aeaoue ae aeaoeua. "Eioin" auaeaeeeny a 1932 (1933)a., a 1939 a.
aio i?eoeinue oeoe a iiaeiieuea, a 1946 a. ii aiciee iiyoue.

?aai/ea eino?oiaiou no?ieoaey ianoa?ie, oee?eoeue, iieioie, oaieueiee,
a oaeaea ia?aaeiee e ia?/aoee caieiatho aaaeiia ianoi a ianiineie
neiaieeea e ?eooaeao. Aeaeaeaiea ianiiia aaa?o ii eanoieoea noaiaiae
i?inaauaiey, a eo anaai 33 ioia/aao eaaeaeue yoai aai aeaeaeaiey e
Enoeia a iieneao aaeeeiai niunea Oo?a/aiiiai neiaa, a eioi?ii nie?uoa
ia?aay e iineaaeiyy oaeii auoey.

Iaeiei ec iniiaiuo neiaieia ianiinoaa, inayuaiiuo ouny/aeaoiae
o?aaeeoeeae, yaeyaony o?aoaieueiee, e ia oieueei o?aoaieueiee n aeacii
iina?aaeeia, ii aiiaua o?aoaieueiee, eae oeao?a: neiai a?ao ia ienueia
iaicia/aaony o?aoaieueieeii ec o?ao oi/ae .-. (ai iiiaeanoaaiiii /enea -
.'. .'.), e ianiineia i?eaaonoaea io a?aoa e a?aoo (naetho) oaeaea
iniiaaii ia o?aoaieueieea: i?aaay ?oea iiaeieiaaony e eaaiio iea/o e
iioneaaony, neaaea einioaoenue i?aaiai iea/a. ^ Noaiu o?aia oaaoaiu
o?aoaieueieeaie. I?aaeaea /ai iinayoeoue eaiaeeaeaoa a 1°, Ianoa?
caaeaao aio aii?inu i neiaieao e eo cia/aieyo, ia eioi?ua ii aeieaeai
ioaaoeoue.

Aeaaiui aeieoiaioii ianiinoaa n/eoaaony "Eieaa eiinoeoooeee" ianoi?a
Aeae. Aiaea?niia, iaeiiai ec aeaeiuo ?oeiaiaeeoaeae i?aeaia a Aiaeee,
ooaa?aeaeaiiay a 1723 aiaeo. Iia ioe?uaaaony ?acaeaeii "I Aiaa e
?aeeaee", a eioi?ii aiai?eony, /oi i?eaa?aeaiaoe i?aeaia "iaycai naiei
i?ecaaieai iiaeiiaaoueny i?aanoaaiiiio caeiio e, anee ii oi?ioi iiieiaao
yoi, oi ia aoaeao ie ooiui io?eoeaoaeai Aiaa, ie aacaiaeiui
?aca?aoieeii". Neaaeothuee ?acaeae iacuaaaony "I a?aaeaeaineie aeanoe,
aunoae e iiae/eiaiiie". A iai ioia/aeinue; "Eaiaiuee, aaea au ii ie aeee
e ie ?aaioae, anoue ie?iue iiaeaeaiiue a?aaeaeaineeo aeanoae, e ii
ieeiaaea ia aeieaeai aiaoeaaoueny a caaiai?u i?ioea ie?a e
aeaaiaeainoaey ia?iaea, ia?ooaoue naieo iaycaiiinoae e ia/aeuenoao". Yoi
iieiaeaiea auei i?ecaaii aeieacaoue eiyeueiinoue ianiiia ainoaea?noao e
aai caeiiia. Aeaeaa i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue, /oi /eaiu eiaee "aeieaeiu auoue
ethaee aeia?ua e aa?iua, naiaiaeiua ii ?iaeaeaieth, c?aeiai e
?annoaeeoaeueiiai aic?anoa, ia e?aiinoiua, ia aeaiueiu, ia
aaci?aanoaaiiua eee iai?eee/iua ethaee, ii ethaee n aeia?ui eiaiai".

NIENIE NOAIAIAE OIOEAIAeNEIE EA?A?OEE.

1. O*AIEE2. IIAeIANOA?UeAAieoaua (neiea) oieaa?naeueiua 3.
IANOA?-EAIAIUEEnoaiaie (a?aaeonu) i?aeaia 1 34. OAEIUE IANOA?5.
NIAA?OAIIUE IANOA?6. EE*IUE NAE?AOA?Ue7. NOAeUess8. O?AIEOAEUe CAeAIEE9.
?UOeA?Ue-ECA?AIIEE AeAAssOE10. ?UOeA?Ue-ECA?AIIEE IssOIAAeOeAOEE?aniia
ianiinoai 11. I?AE?ANIUE ?UOeA?Ue-ECA?AIIEEEaieooey?iua noaiaie
(a?aaeonu) 4 1812. AAEEEEE IANOA?-A?OEOAEOI?13. EI?IEAANEAss A?EA14.
AAEEEEE ECA?AIIEE15. ?UOeA?Ue AINOIEA EEE IA*A16. EIssCUe
EA?ONAEEINEEE17. ?UOeA?Ue AINOIEA E CAIAAeA18. EIssCUe ?ICAIE?AEOeA?19.
AAEEEEE IIIOEOEE IAAANIIAI EA?ONAEEIA20. AeINOIII*OAIIUE AAEEEEE IANOA?
(AAEEEEE IAAENO?) (IIAEECIAIII)21. IIAOEO EEE I?ONNEEE ?UOeA?Ue22.
?UOeA?Ue EI?IEAANEIAI OIII?A EEE EIssCUe EEAAIA23. O?AIEOAEUe
NEEIEE*a?iia ianiinoai 24. EIssCUe NEEIEEOeeinioneea noaiaie (a?aaeonu)
19 2925. ?UOeA?Ue IAAeIIAI CIAss26. EIssCUe IEEINA?AeEss27. AAEEEEE
EIIAIAeAIO O?AIA 28. ?UOeA?Ue NIEIOeA29. AAEEEEE ?UOeA?Ue NA.
AIAe?Ass30. ?UOeA?Ue EAAeIO31. AAEEEEE EIIAIAeI?32. I?AE?ANIUE ?UOeA?Ue
EI?IEAANEIAI NAE?AOAAaeia ianiinoai Aaeieieno?aoeaiua noaiaie (a?aaeonu)
30 - 3333. AA?OIAIUE EINIAEOI?

ENOI?Ess ?ACAEOEss IANIINOAA.?IEUe A ENOI?EE

AA?IIA.

A iao/iie eeoa?aoo?a n/eoaaony, /oi aei XVII aaea ianiinoai iineei
"i?aeoe/aneee" oa?aeoa?, oi anoue oae eee eia/a auei naycaii n
i?ioanneiiaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoueth no?ieoaeae. 1600 aiae noae
naiaia?aciui ?oaaaeii a enoi?ee ianiinoaa. Io yoiai a?aiaie nio?aieeinue
ia?aia aeieoiaioaeueiia naeaeaoaeuenoai i oii, /oi a eiaeo aieueiuo
eaiaiueeia aue i?eiyo /aeiaae, ieeaeiai ioiioaiey e no?ieoaeueiui
i?ioanneyi ia eiathuee, - i?aaenoaaeoaeue ciaoiiai oioeaiaeneiai ?iaea,
ei?ae Ainoyee.

Iaeiaei i?iieeiiaaiea "iai?ioanneiiaeia" a eiaee o?aieianiiia,
aa?iyoii, ia/aeinue cia/eoaeueii ?aiueoa. Iaaeaeo n?aaeiaaaeiauie
?aianeaiiuie oiaa?euanoaaie e eiaeaie ianiiia iiaiai a?aiaie
nouanoaiaaee eaeea-oi i?iiaaeooi/iua ia?aciaaiey. Iaeaieaa ecaanoiui ec
oaeeo ia?aciaaiee aue eaaaiaea?iue "I?aeai ?icaie?aeoea?ia",n aai
enoi?eae naycaiu eiaia aaee/aeoeo iaaeno?ia oaeiiai ciaiey, iaeiei ec
ieo aue i?i?eoeaoaeue, yniiaeaeaoe, a?a/ e o/aiue Ieoaeue Iinoa?aeaion
(1503-1566), inoaaeaoee i?i?i/anoaa ioiineoaeueii aaaeiaeoeo niauoee
aieioue aei iaoaai a?aiaie. ?ica, e?ano, iaeeeai, ei?iyuee naiae
e?iaueth ioaioeia, ieaeieaiiua ianiineei oee?eoeai, - neiaie oaeiiai
iauanoaa ?icaie?aeoea?ia. Ec yoiai neaaeoao, /oi i?aaeunoi?ey ianiinoaa
oaniaeoei ia?acii naycaia n iaaeae e aeoeiey, ieeoeueoeciii e
oaeiiciaieai.

Ia?aiia/aeueii yoa i?aaiecaoeey eiaea a aeaeo iiiiuue naiei nia?aoueyi
ii no?ieoaeuenoao, aac ?acee/ey aa?u e iaoeeiiaeueiinoe. Ii iicaeiaa e
iei noaee i?eiueaoue ethaee ?aciuo nineiaee e caaiee, i?aeiouanoaaiii
euouea, eioi?ua ooiaeeee io o?oaeiie, oyaeaeie e iaiiiyoiie aeecie
ooaea, aaea auea naiaiaea iunee e aa?u, aaea auea oa?ieiinoue ei
anai e aaea ana auee ae?oa ae?oao a?aouey. Oioy aiiaue i?eauaoea ia
i?eiaaeeaaeaee e nineiaeth eaiaiueeia, no?ieoaeae caeaiee, ii iie
auee i?iaeieaeaoaeyie Aiaeueaai aeaea ia caiea, auee no?ieoaeyie
enoeiiuo oi?i aeecie. Iiyoiio ie ia?aiia/aeueiay i?ia?aiia,ie
?eooaeu, ia?yaeu e neiaieu iniiaaoaeae i?aeaia eaiaiueeia ia auee
oi?acaeiaiu, ii eeoue ?anoe?aiu e aeiiieiaiu.

Ii n o/aieai ianiiia e ?icaie?aeoea?ia i?iecioei oi, /oi iaeciaiii
i?ienoiaeeo ni anyeei o/aieai Naaoa. Ii ia?a ?ani?ino?aiaiey anyeia
o/aiea oa?yao naith ia?aiia/aeueioth /enoioo, iinoaiaiii eneaaeaaony
e caoaiiyaony. Oaeiaa /aeiaa/aneay i?e?iaea. Ai anyeia o/aiea ethaee
aiinyo naie iii?aaee a oaiaeo naiei aeaeaieyi e naiei
yaienoe/aneei no?aieaieyi, e i?e iiiiue yoeo o/aiee ia/eiatho
inouanoaeyoue naie iaia?aiey e oeaee. Ii ?ac oaeie iooiae io aaeeeeo
eaeaaeia, aeaiiuo a ia?aiia/aeueiii o/aiee i?iecioae, oi Aaeeeea
Neeu Naaoa e io oaeiai ia/eiaiey oiaea iooiaeyo. Iie i?aaeinoaaeytho
oaeea i?aaiecaoeee eo nianoaaiiie o/anoe e i?iaeieaeatho
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue ioaeaeueiuo eeoe e oaeea eiaee, eioi?ua inoaeenue
aa?iuie ia?aiia/aeueiie /enoioa o/aiey.Iiyoiio A.e. Eeecianeee n iieiui
iniiaaieai ooaa?aeaeaao, "/oi a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iao oaeiai oeaio?a,
eioi?ue iauaaeeiee au e ?oeiaiaeee au anaie ianiineeie eiaeaie,
eaeea a aeaiiia a?aiy nouanoaotho. Iiiaea ainoaea?noaa eiatho eiaee,
eioi?ua neoaeao eioa?anai oieueei naiaai ainoaea?noaa, naiae iaoeee eee
naiae ?aeeaee. A nia?aiaiiia ianiinoai aianaia iieeoeea, eiiia?oeey,
i?ioaeoeeiieci e neoaeaiea ia iauaio, ii ee/iiio aeaao. Ia eiay
iauaai ?oeiaiaeyuaai oeaio?a e iaueo ?oeiaiaeyueo eaeae, nia?aiaiiia
ianiinoai ?acaeaeeeinue ia iiiaeanoai naiinoiyoaeueiuo eiae,
eioi?ua aaaeoo naiinoiyoaeueioth iieeoeeo e n?aaee ieo anoue, eae
eiaee aieaa eee iaiaa naaoeua, oae ii?aaeaeaiii a?aaeiua e aeaaea
oaiiua. Aaeaeo yoiai iieaaaoue, /oi nia?aiaiiia ianiinoai
i?aaenoaaeyao a?icioth niei/aiioth neeo, eioi?ay aea?aeeo a naieo
?oeao noaeueao ieaiaou, ia i?eoiaeeony. Eaaeaeay ianiineay eiaea
eiaao neeo e iieuecoaony ecaanoiui aeeyieai a naiae no?aia e a naiae
noa?a aeayoaeueiinoe".

Ni aoi?ie iieiaeiu XVII aaea ianiineea eiaee ieii/aoaeueii oo?a/eaatho
naie "i?ioanneiiaeueiue" oa?aeoa?, ii nio?aiytho iacaaiea, ?eooae, e
neiaieeeo aieueiuo eaiaiueeia, aioo?aiithth ea?a?oeth eiaee. Ai anao
ianiineeo ?eooaeao nio?aieeanue eaeouay io n?aaeiaaaeiauey ia?iiiay oyaa
e ainniaaeeiaieth n ie?ii aeooia, aa?a a aiciiaeiinoue iaae/aneiai
aicaeaenoaey, aiaeeyoeey e oaeiui neeai. Ana yoi a XVIII aaea
ninouanoaiaaei n iioeienoe/aneei ?aoeeiiaeeciii I?inaauaiey.
I?iaicaeaoaaoeany ianiinoaii eaeae a?aonoaa, ?aaainoaa, naiaiaeu e i?aa
/aeiaaea ia i?aiyonoaiaaee iineaaeiaaoaeueiiio niaethaeaieth
ea?a?oe/aneeo i?eioeeiia aai i?aaiecaoeee. Oaea ia oea?eiaue, ii aua ia
ia?oey oaeei auei ianiinoai i?e naiai aicieeiiaaiee a ia/aea XVIII
aaea.

Ia?aay ianiineay eiaea iiyaeeanue a 1717 a. a Aiaeee. Iieeoe/aneea
i?eaioaoeee ianiinoaa iaiaeiicia/iu, iaeiaei aai "i?anneiaothuaa
i?inaaoeoaeuenoai" a aae?an aeanoiuo no?oeoo?, a /a?ac ieo e
oi?aaeyaiuo, /anoi aucuaatho ?aaeoeeth iooi?aeaiey ni noi?iiu, eae
i?aaeoaeuenoa, oea?eaae, ii?aaeaeaiiuo iieeoe/aneeo ia?oee, oae e iann.
?aaeueiia aeeyiea ianiinoaa /anoi i?aoaaee/eaaaony, /oi neoaeeo
enoi/ieeii iieeoe/aneeo ieoia e niaeoeyoeee.

A XVIII aaea /enei ianiineeo eiae a no?aiao Aa?iiu no?aieoaeueii
?anoao. Ianiinoai i?eia?aoaao einiiiieeoe/aneee oa?aeoa?. Oi?ie?othony
naiinoiyoaeueiua "aaoae" ianiinoaa aiaei-oioeaiaeneay, o?aioeocneay e
ae?oaea n i?enoueie ei iniaaiiinoyie ia?yaeia.

Aieueoeinoai e?oiiaeoeo aeayoaeae I?inaauaiey e oao, eoi n/eoae naay
i?eiaaeeaaeauei e eioaeeaeooaeueiui neiyi iauanoaa, a aiaeu,
i?aaeoanoaiaaaoea Aaeeeie O?aioeocneie ?aaiethoeee, anooiaee a ?yaeu
aieueiuo eaiaiueeia. Yoi noaei naiaia?aciie iiaeie e ciaeii yeeoa?iinoe.

N?aaee ianiiia auei iaiaei oao, eoi a eiioea noieaoey i?eiye naiia
aeoeaiia o/anoea a Aaeeeie O?aioeocneie ?aaiethoeee. Yoi aeaei iniiaaiey
aeey aicieeiiaaiey aa?nee, /oi ianiinoai nua?aei ?aoathuoth ?ieue a
iiaeaioiaea e inouanoaeaiee ?aaiethoeeiiiuo niauoee eiioea XVIII aaea.

A eiioea XVIII e ia?aie /aoaa?oe XIX aaea ioiioaiey iaaeaeo
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoueth e ianiiaie a ?yaea Aa?iiaeneeo ainoaea?noa
aanueia iaino?eeinue, e yoi i?eaaei e cae?uoeth iiiaeo eiae. A oaeiuo
iauanoaao noaee aeaeaoue oa?ico ioeoeeaeueiie aeanoe. A
Aano?i-Aaiaa?neie eiia?ee o/anoea a ianiineeo eiaeao ea?aeinue eae
ainoaea?noaaiiay eciaia. A?anou ianiiia ia/aeenue a Eoaeee e Aa?iaiee, A
Eniaiee e Ii?ooaaeee iie noaiiaeeenue aea?oaaie eieaeceoeee. Ai O?aioeee
iaiiiaea nio?aieaoeany eiaee iiiaee iiae iaaeci? iaiieaiiianeie
iieeoeee. A OO aaea ianiinoai en/acei a NNN?, a caoai a no?aiao
Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu, i?aneaaeiaaeinue i?e iaoeecia.

Iaeei ec enneaaeiaaoaeae ianiinoaa ooaa?aeaeaao: "Oaaaeaeai, /oi
ianiinoao ecia/aeueii i?enou iieeoe/aneee oa?aeoa?. I?e yoii, eiaaea y
aiai?th i iieeoeea, oi aiana ia ooaa?aeaeath, /oi ana ianiiu aeieaeiu
i?eaea?aeeaaoueny iaeiie oi/ee c?aiey. Iineieueeo ianiinoai noieaoeyie
ioaee/ii ioe?aueaaeinue io iieeoeee, oaeoe/anee caieiaynue ath, iii
aucuaaei ia naay iiuiue iaiiue e?eoeee. ? Ia ianiinoai iiaeiyei
ainnoaiea aia?eeaioeaa i?ioea aiaeeeneiai eiia?eaeecia. Ii iaeaieaa
?aoeoaeueiuie o/anoieeaie yoiai ainnoaiey auee ianiiu. Aaoeiaoii noae
Aaoeiaoiiii, iineieueeo ii aue ianiiii. Aieeaa? iino?iee Aieueooth
Eieoiaeth, Ooa?an nia?aiaiioth Iaeneeo. Yoi ana ianiiu!"

Aunooiay ia?aae ecae?aoaeyie (20.09.1876), a?eoaineee i?aiuea? Aeec?ayee
cayaee: "I?aaeoaeuenoaa iaoaai aaea eiatho aeaei ia n iaeieie oieueei
ae?oaeie i?aaeoaeuenoaaie ? ii e n oaeiuie iauanoaaie, eioi?ua ii nae
aeaiue a ninoiyiee aiioee?iaaoue ethaua niaeaoaiey. Iie eiatho ii
anthaeo naieo aaaioia, aac eieaaaiee i?eaaaathueo e oaeenoaai e
niiniaiuo, anee ei yoi ioaeii, aucaaoue ianniaoth aa?anneth".

Nia?aiaiiee Aeec?ayee, aeaaa eaoiee/aneie oea?eae a Aiaeee, ea?aeeiae
Iaiieia, au?aceeny ia iaiaa ynii (1.01.1897): "Oiaeii i?ienoiaeyueo
niauoee oi?aaeytho ia eiia?aoi?u, ei?iee eee eiua i?aaeoaee. Anoue ia/oi
noiyuaa iaae ieie e iicaaee ieo, e iii iieaaeao naia eeoei a oio iiiaio,
eiaaea a?iee anae Aa?iiu ieaaeoony aoyioouie a a?iiaaeioth aieio.
?aaiethoeey, oaeii aeaenoaothuay a iiaeiieuea, ni/oao yoio iiiaio
iiaeoiaeyuei, /oiau aueoe ia?oaeo".

?INNEss.

A ?inneth ianiinoai i?iieeei a ia?aie o?aoe XVIII aaea. A iaeiii ec
aeieoiaioia 1731 a. niiauaaony i eaieoaia Aeaeiia Oeeeeina, iacia/aiiii
Aaeeeie Eiaeae Aiaeee Aaeeeei Iaaeno?ii a ?innee. *a?ac aeaayoue
aeanyoeeaoee, a 1822 a. ?ane?eioii eiia?aoi?a Aeaenaiae?a I ianiinoai
cai?auaaony ia oa??eoi?ee ?inneeneie eiia?ee. Aua Aeaoa?eia II n
aieueoie iianeie ioiineeanue e ianiinoao. Iiia/aeo auniaeaay ia?yaeu
aieueiuo eaiaiueeia a naieo eiiaaeeyo, iia aiineaaenoaee oniio?aea a
yoii aeaeaeaiee oa?ico naiaio i?aaeaieth. Oyaeeia aia/aoeaiea ia
iauanoaaiiinoue i?iecaaei inoaeaeaiea Iiaeeiaa, auaeathuaainy ?onneiai
i?inaaoeoaey e aeaeiaeoaai ianiia, ia iyoiaaeoeaoeeaoiaa caeeth/aiea a
Oeennaeueao?aneie e?aiinoe. Iineaaeiaae i?eeac i cae?uoee ianiineeo
eiae, iaeiaei a?aonoai aieueiuo eaiaiueeia ia i?ae?aoeei naiaai
nouanoaiaaiey ia ?inneeneie ii/aa.

N ia/aea iiyaeaiey ianiinoaa a ?innee iii ia?aaeeei ?yae aceaoia e
ia?eiaeia oiaaeea, ii, oai ia iaiaa, iaeiaeeei ia iaoo enoi?eth naie
iuooeiue ioia/aoie. ? Iai?eia?: - O?e oeaaoa ?inneeneiai oeaaa aaeue,
aieoaie e e?aniue, - yoi o?e oeaaoa ianiinoaa. Aaeue oeaao Aaeia
ianiinoai, oi anoue /aou?a aunoeo Aaeieieno?aoeaiuo noaiaie (a?aaeona) n
30-e ii 33-th. E?aniue oeaao yoi Eaieooey?iua noaiaie (a?aaeonu),
ia/eiay n 4-e noaiaie Oaeiiai Ianoa?a e eii/ay 18-e noaiaiueth Eiycy
?icaie?aeoea?a. E aieoaie oeaao yoi oieaa?naeueiua noaiaie (a?aaeonu)
i?aeaia n 1-e ii 3-th: O/aiee, Iiaeianoa?uea e Ianoa?. Nouanoaoao aua e
*a?iia ianiinoai, Oeeinioneea noaiaie (a?aaeonu), ia/eiay n 19-e noaiaie
Aaeeeiai Iiioeoeea Iaaaniiai Ea?onaeeia ii 29-th noaiaiue Aaeeeiai
?uoea?y Nayoiai Aiae?ay.

Iiaiai ?anoeaaoa iii aeinoeaei, eiaaea i?eoei "aeiae Aeaenaiae?iauo
i?ae?aniia ia/aei", eiaaea ?aoi?iaoi?neea oiiaaiey iieiaeiai eiia?aoi?a,
eacaeinue, noeeee ?onneiio iauanoao eciaiaiey e eo/oaio.

Iinea oniaoiiai caaa?oaiey aieiu a 1812 a., eiaaea ?onneea aienea n
o?eoioii aa?ioeenue ec Aa?iiu ia ?iaeeio, iie i?eianee n niaie
iiueyiythuee aeoo iiaaaeu, aeaaeaeo naiaiaeu e aieueiiaeoinoaa. Yoa
aeaaeaea iaoiaeeea auoiae ia oieueei a eeoa?aoo?a, ii e a ao?iie aeecie
oaeiuo e?oaeeia, aicieeaaoeo iaeei ca ae?oaei, iniaaiii a n?aaea
iieiaeiai ioeoea?noaa. Aieueoeinoai oaeeo niiauanoa iineei oa?aeoa?
ianiineeo eiae. Oneeaiea ?aaiethoeeiiiuo ono?aieaiee a yoeo oaeiuo
iauaaeeiaieyo iiaoaeeei Aeaenaiae?a I, oaea aeaaii ioeacaaoaainy io
eeaa?aeueiuo ieaiia naiae iieiaeinoe, iiaaeaoue cae?uoue ana ianiineea
eiaee, iineieueeo io "oinoaiaaiee, iuia nouanoaothueo", "i?ienoaeatho
noieue ia/aeueiua a ae?oaeo e?ayo iineaaenoaey".

Ia?aua ?onneea ianiineea eiaee aicieeee eae oeeeaeu ianiineeo i?aeaiia
Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu, n naiiai ia/aea io?aaeay iieeoe/aneea eioa?anu
iineaaeieo.

Aeaaiue iinooeao iiaienia/aiiuo ianiiia iiaiea i aeooiaiie e
eoeueoo?iie iaiieiioeaiiinoe ?innee, aa oaiiioa e iaaaaeanoaa, eioi?ua
iaiaoiaeeii ?annayoue iooai ianiineiai i?inaauaiey.

Iii?ie ianiineiai i?iieeiiaaiey a ?inneth noaea /anoue i?aayuaai eeanna
e ia?aciaaiiiai iauanoaa, ioi?aaaoaainy io ia?iaea, ia ciaaoay e aeaaea
i?ace?aaoay aai iaoeeiiaeueiua iniiau, o?aaeeoeee e eaeaaeu. Yoi
i?aaeii?aaeaeeei aioe?onneee oa?aeoa? ?acaeoey ianiinoaa a ?innee.

N ianiinoaa ia/eiaaony niciaoaeueiia iia?aaeaeaiea ?onneiai
ia?aciaaiiiai iauanoaa e i?aayuaai neiy. Ioi?aaaoenue io ioa/aneeo
ei?iae, iie euoo "eeth/e e oaeinoaai iaoo?u" a caiaaeiuo oeaiiinoyo
auoey. Yoe ethaee, i?eaioe?iaaiu ia caiaae e no?aieaiea iaeoe enoeio
aeey naay a /oaeie aeecie, i?eaiaeeo e aieaciaiiiio aeooiaiiio
?acaeaiaieth.

?onneia ianiinoai cayaeyao i naaa eae i niiauanoaa, niayiiii ocaie
ii?aeueiiai e ie?iaicc?ai/aneiai aaeeinoaa. Iaeiaei eiia?aoi?neay
aeanoue oniio?aea a ianiinoaa ia oieueei eaeaeioth, ii e iieeoe/aneoth
iianiinoue.

Oanioth naycue aieueoaaecia n ianiinoaii ioia/aao i?aaineaaiay
oea?eiaue. "Iiae ciaiaiai ianiineie caacaeu, - ienae a 1932a.
i?aaenaaeaoaeue A?oea?aeneiai niai?a ?onneie i?aaineaaiie oea?eae ca
a?aieoeae ieo?iiieeo Aioiiee, - ?aaioatho ana oaiiua neeu, ?ac?ooathuea
iaoeeiiaeueiua o?enoeaineea ainoaea?noaa. Ianiineay ?oea i?eiyea o/anoea
e a ?ac?ooaiee ?innee. Ana i?eioeeiu e iaoiaeu, eioi?ua aieueoaaeee
i?eiaiytho aeey ?ac?ooaiey ?innee, i/aiue aeecee e ianiineei.
Iiiaieaoiea iaaethaeaiey iaae ?ac?ooaieai iaoae ?iaeeiu ?aaeueii
iieacaei anaio ie?o, eae o/aieee iiae?aaeatho naiei o/eoaeyi e eae
ii?aaioeoaee ?onneiai ia?iaea aa?iu i?ia?aiia ianiineeo eiae". Ethaay
oea?eiaue ia oa?ieo oiai, eoi i?aoaiaeoao ia aeooo /aeiaaea, iiyoiio
iaiaeia?aiea e iai?eyciue oea?eae e ianiinoao iaecaaaeii.

*oi aea eanaaony aa?aenoaa, oi eoaeaeci, ii aai iiaieth, enoi?e/anee
naycai n ianiinoaii naiuie oaniuie ocaie a naiae iaeanoi/aiiie ai?ueaa n
o?enoeainoaii e a ianiineeo ono?aieaieyo e ie?iaiio aeaaeu/anoao". (A.I.
Ieeieaaaneee. ?onneea ianiiu e ?aaiethoeey. I, "Oa??a ", 1990 a, n.
174).

Oeaiiue aeeaae a ?ac?aaioeo yoiai aii?ina aianee ?onneea enoi?eee
yiea?aiou I. Naeoeia (O. Noaiaiia) e A.O. Eaaiia, iieueciaaaoeany
eiioeaeaioeeaeueiuie enoi/ieeaie eioi?iaoeee, iieo/aiiie ec e?oaia,
aeeceeo e o?aioeocneiio iieeoe/aneiio ianiinoao". A 1918 a, - ienae A.O.
Eaaiia a naiae eieaa "Io Iao?a 1 aei iaoeo aeiae"( Oa?aei, 1934, n.
497), - iaae ?inneae ainoiaeeo iyoeeiia/iay caacaea yiaeaia ie?iaiai
ianiinoaa. Aeanoue ia?aoea

E naiiio ceiaiiio e ?ac?ooeoaeueiiio ianiinoao e?aniiio ai aeaaa n
ianiiaie aunieiai iinayuaiey Eaieiui, O?ioeeei e eo i?eniaoieeaie
ianiiaie aieaa ieceiai iinayuaiey: ?icaioeeueaeii , Ceiiaueaaui,
Ia?aonii , Eeoaeiiaui ? I?ia?aiia ai?ueau "no?ieoaeae" naiaeeony e
oie/oiaeaieth i?aaineaaiie aa?u, enei?aiaieth iaoeeiiaeecia, ?ac?ooaieth
auoa, ?onneie i?aaineaaiie naiuee e aaeeeiai aeooiaiiai ianeaaeey iaoeo
i?aaeeia". "Aeey oi?aeanoaa ianiineeo eaeaaeia, - ioia/ae ii, - ioaeii
auei oaeoue aeooo ?onneiai ia?iaea, au?aaoue o iaai aiaa, iaoeeiiaeueii
iaacee/eoue, caoiioaoue a a?ycue aai aaeeeia i?ioeia, ?aca?aoeoue
iieiaeia iieieaiea e ainieoaoue iiaoth ii?iaeo ethaeae aac Aiaa e
Ioa/anoaa, aeaoiiaeo caa?ae, eioi?ua auae?anne?iaaiiua oe?ioeoaeai,
iiei?ii canyaeoo a ianiineoth eeaoeo.O.a .eeaea?u aieueoaaecia a ?innee
ianoieueei eca?aoeee iiiyoea ianiinoaa,/oi ,eniieuecoy i?eioeeiu aeia?a
ia neiaao.caeinoaiaaiiua o ianiiia, niaa?oaee i?yii i?ioeaiiieiaeiua
aeaenoaey, /oi ianiinoai i?eia?aei a ?innee ceiaauee niune eae e yoe
iieeoe/aneea oeao?u.

Ii iaaethaeaieyi A.O. Eaaiiaa, oaea a ia/aea 1930-o aa. ?inney
i?aa?auaaony a "naiia /enoia e naiia iineaaeiaaoaeueiia ianiineia
ainoaea?noai, eioi?ia i?iaiaeeo ianiineea i?eioeeiu ai anae eo iieiioa e
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe". ?aaioay iaae iaoa?eaeaie "ianiineiai aeaea",
aicaoaeaeaiiiai a yiaa?a 1926 a. IAIO i?ioea eaieia?aaeneeo "a?aoueaa",
aue iaia?oaeai aeieoiaio, aae?aniaaiiue i?aaeoaeuenoao NNN?. Aeaoe?iaai
ii aaaonoii 1925 aiaea e i?eiaaeeaaeeo ia?o Aaia?aeueiiai nae?aoa?y
"Aaoiiiiiiai ?onneiai ianiinoaa" (i?aaiecaoeeae, aicieeoae a 1909a.,
eiaea "Aaciiey" "Aaeeeee Ainoie Eoaeee"). A aiai?eeinue a iai
neaaeothuaa: aei?iaa e oeaeue "aieueiuo eaiaiueeia" e eiiioienoia iaeie
e oa aea - "ia?auaiea /aeiaa/anoaa a aaeeioth a?aoneoth naiueth ?
I?aneaaeoy iaeie e oa aea oeaee, i?eciaaay ni?aaaaeeeauie e
iiaeeaaeaueie i?iaaaeaieth a aeeciue iaeie e oa aea aicc?aiey, eiiioieci
e ?onneia ianiinoai niaa?oaiii ia aeieaeiu iiaeic?eoaeueii niio?aoue
ae?oa ia ae?oaa, iaiai?io, iooe eo ia?aeeaeueiu e aaaeoo e iaeiie
oeaee". ?acieoea, ii iiaieth A.A. Ano?iiiaa, oieueei a "iaoiaeao
aeaenoaee", oae eae a ioee/ea io ?aaiethoeeiiiiai iooe, eioi?ui eaeoo
aieueoaaeee, "iooue ?onneiai ianiinoaa yoi iooue iaaeeaiiie
eioaeeaeooaeueiie ?aaiou".

Ianiineay eaeaieiaey a ia/aea OO aaea ionoeea ianoieueei aeoaieea ei?ie
a n?aaea ?inneeneie eioaeeeaaioeee, /oi aeaaea aieueoaaenoneee oa??i?
1920-o aa. ieacaeny ia a ninoiyiee n?aco oie/oiaeeoue aa auno?i
?anoouoth ii?ineue

Ecaanoii, /oi a 1920-a aiaeu a NNN? aeaenoaiaaee iaeeiiaaeoeaoue oaeiuo
ianiineeo eee iieo ianiineeo i?aaiecaoeee: "Aaeeiia o?oaeiaia a?aonoai",
"I?aeai ia?oeienoia", "I?aeai Na. A?aaey", "?onneia aaoiiiiiia
ianiinoai", "Aine?anaiuea", "Oeeueoa?iae", "Einie/aneay aeaaeaiey iaoe",
"A?aonoai enoeiiiai neoaeaiey", "I?aeai Naaoa", "I?aeai Aeooa", "I?aeai
oaiieea?ia e ?icaie?aeoea?ia". Ainaiue ia?auo ec ieo ?aniieaaaeenue a
Eaieia?aaea. "I?aeai Naaoa" iauaaeeiye iineianeeo "a?aoueaa e nanoa?".

I?aanoaaiiua oeaee ianiinoaa eiaee iaiaei iauanoaaiiuo aniaeoia.
Iai?eia?, ia?oeienou iineaaeiaaoaee Nai-Ia?oaia (1743-1803),
o?aioeocneiai iuneeoaey ienoe/aneiai oieea, i?iaicaeaoaaoaai
anaaaeeinoai nouaai. *aeiaae, ia?a/aiiue a?aoiiaaeaieai ia aeaaeue, eae
iieaaae Nai-Ia?oai, aeieaeai aic?iaeeoueny e iiaie aeecie iooai
ainniaaeeiaiey n aiaeanoaaiiie aeooiaiie noanoaioeeae, ie?ii aeooia. Ii
n/eoae, /oi n?aaee /aeiaa/anoaa anoue aannia?oiua ethaee, /uea
i?aaeiacia/aiea ianoe aio naao oieaa?naeueiie enoeiu. Nai-Ia?oai noae
iniiaaoaeai I?aeaia Ia?oeienoia ai O?aioeee. Aai o/aiea ieacaei aieueoia
aeeyiea ia ?onneia ianiinoai XVIII aaea. Ia?oeienou i?ecuaaee aeaeaoue
ai anao ethaeyo a?aoueaa, ioe?uoue ei naie O?ai, /oiau "inaiaiaeeoue eo
io i?aae?annoaeeia eo ?iaeeiu e ?aeeaeiciuo caaeoaeaeaiee eo i?aaeeia,
iiaoaeaeay ethaeae e acaeiiie ethaae e iiiiue".

A iniiaa aai o/aiey eaaeeo ieeoeueoeci iniaia iai?aaeaiea
?aeeaeicii-oeeinioneie iunee, no?aiyuaany e iiciaieth aiaeanoaa
eiooeoeaiui iooai, iooai ineoe/aneeo ia?aaeeaaiee, naycaiiuo n
i?iieeiiaaieai a iioonoi?iiiee ie? e iauaieai n aai nouiinoyie.
Ia?oeieci i?eaioe?oao naieo /eaiia ia aioo?aiithth aeooiaioth ?aaioo
iaae naiei niaie, naiei nianoaaiiui ii?aeueiui e eioaeeaeooaeueiui
niaa?oainoaiaaieai. Yoi iicaieyao ioianoe ia?oeienoia e iniaie,
aeooiaiie aaoae Ie?iaiai a?aonoaa. Ioee/eoaeueiui ciaeii ?onneeo
ia?oeienoia yaeyeny e?oa n oanoeeiia/iie caacaeie aioo?e, iniiaiua
oeaaoa: aaeue (eaiou) e e?aniue (ieaue e ianee). Iinayuaiey
i?iecaiaeeeenue ii i?eia?o ianiineeo n ianeieueei oi?iuaiiui ?eooaeii.

AIC?IAEAeAIEA.

A 1822 aiaeo Aeaenaiae? I i?eeacae cae?uoue ana oaeiua iauanoaa, a /a?ac
o?e aiaea, iinea Aeaeaa?ueneiai ainnoaiey, ianiinoai auei cai?auaii. N
yoiai a?aiaie i?ioei 80 eao i?aaeaea ianiinoai ia/aei aic?iaeaeaoueny.

Iiuiue ?ino ao?aeoacee, iiyaeaiea iiauo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee,
yaeaiey, iaoneiaeaiiua iaoaiece?iaaiiui i?ia?annii, iiaua ecia?aoaiey,
eciaieaoea ie? - yeaeo?e/anoai, oioia?aoey, oaeaa?ao, oaeaoii,
aaoiiiaeeue, ioeaiao e ay?iieai - iaaeaeo 1880 e 1914 aa.. n aeaaioneie
neeie e ianeuoaiiuie oaiiaie iaiyee ie?, a eioi?ii aei oiai aeeee iaoe
i?aaeee.

Nia/aea ana yoe yaeaiey ii/oanoaiaaeenue a aeaoo noieeoeao, caoai - a
i?iaeioeeaeueiuo ai?iaeao. Aic?iaeaeaiea ianiinoaa a ?innee auei aucaaii
o?aiy aaaeiuie niauoeyie: ii?aaeaieai ?innee a yiiineie aieia,
?aaiethoeeae 1905 a. (e ioe?uoeai ?onneiai ia?eaiaioa) e aoeiui ?inoii
eioaeeeaaioeee, aii?aee anai cai?aoai e i?aiiiai. Yoio ?ino oae ?oea ia
?oeo ia oieueei n ?inoii ao?aeoacee e?oiiie, ii e iaeeie, eioi?ay, eae e
eioaeeeaaioeey, iaaeeiaea ia ana noi?iiu ?onneie aeecie: ia cai?aou
oea?y, iiiacaiieea Aiaeey, ia cae?uoea oieaa?neoaoia, ia oi?iiaeaiea
nannee Aeoiu, ia oaeooaiea iunee, ia iiicaeaiea ai anai, /oi eanaeinue
iaoa?eaeueiiai e oinoaaiiiai i?ia?anna ianaeaiey e ?aaainoaa aai ia?aae
caeiiii. Caeanue ?a/ue eaeao ia i ?aaiethoeeiia?ao, a?inaaoeo aiiau a
ieieno?ia. ii i oao, eoi aue ?aoeoaeueii i?ioea ?aaiethoeee e oieueei
oioae ia?aiai. AEaeaiey eo auee i/aiue ne?iiiu, e nae/an iai, eo
iioiieai, iie eaaeoony ieieiaeueiuie: aeiiouaiea iauanoaaiiuo aeayoaeae,
oeaio?enoia Aeoiu (eo oiaaea iacuaaee iauanoaaiieeaie) e oi?aaeaieth
no?aiie, caiaeueiay ?aoi?ia, ?aaioa Aeoiu a caeiiii onoaiiaeaiiuo
?aieao, ?aai/aa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, ?ani?ino?aiaiea a?aiioiinoe. A
ia?iiiii aieueoeinoaa ethaee iaaeaeo 1906 e 1916 aa. aiana ia eneaee
ei?aiiuo ia?aiai, iie eneaee ie?iiai iaiiaeaiey no?aiu, a eiaaea
aeaeaee, /oi aeaea ia aa?oao eaeoo eae ?ac a ia?aoioth noi?iio, iie
oacaeaee ia a?aiy a naie iiianouey, ioaeioiooue e iniio?aoueny, a
iaeioi?ua - e naaa, a Ia?eae, eee ia ?eauea?o, ea/eoue ia?au.

E ia/aeo 20 aaea o?aioeocneia ianiinoai ninoiyei ec 4-o ioaeaeueiuo
Iineooaiee. Yoi neiai eiiaaea a ?onneeo ianiineeo aeieoiaioao
ia?aaiaeeony, eae Onoaa, eee ia ia?aaiaeeony aiana.

Oae iacuaaaiia i?aaia Iineooaiea, Aaeeeay Eiaea O?aioeee (Grande Loge de
France, GLDF), ocaeiiaiiay a 1894 a., a nouiinoe, ia iiaeao auoue
iacaaia ii-?onnee i?aaie, nei?aa - oia?aiiie. Iia ioee/aeanue io oae
iacuaaaiiai eaaiai Aaeeeiai Ainoiea (Grande Orient de France. GODF)
iaiiiaei: a iae ninoiyee eeaa?aeu, a ia ?aaeeeaeu, noaiaiae auei 18, a
ia 33. E aoaenou a iae n/eoaeenue iaaeaeaoaeueiuie, a oi a?aiy, eae
Aaeeeee Ainoie i?eieiae anao: aa?othueo, aac?acee/iuo e ?aeeaee, e
aoaenoia. Iaaeaeo yoeie aeaoiy Onoaaaie aicieeaee a?aiy io a?aiaie
eiioeeeou; iiaiaeii aeey iaeiiai ec ieo a 1930-o aa. noae nii? i Aaeeeii
A?oeoaeoi?a Anaeaiiie (ii aea Aaeeeee Aaiiao?). Ioe?iaaiii
aioeeea?eeaeueiue Aaeeeee Ainoie ioeacuaaeny aeiionoeoue a naie neiaa?ue
yoio oa?iei, a Aaeeeay Eiaea. nicaeaiiay a o?aaeeoeeyo Oioeaiaeneiai
Ianiinoaa, aeaeaea aai nio?aieoue. No?anoe a eiioea eiioeia ooeoee,
eaaeaeue inoaeny i?e naiai, e a?aouey iaieo Onoaaia aei ia/aea Aoi?ie
ie?iaie aieiu ia oieueei auaaee ainoyie ae?oa o ae?oaa ia nanneyo
(nia?aieyo) e aaaiao (oaeeiao), ii /anoi aoiaeeee a iaa Onoaaa, eae
/eaiu iaeiie i?aaiecaoeee.

Oae iacuaaaiia n?aaeiaa Iineooaiea ninoiyei ec ianeieueeeo eiae e aeeaea
anaai i?eiueaei e Aaeeeiio Ainoieo, iii auei iaeaieaa eeaa?aeueii e, a
ioee/ea io inoaeueiuo eiae, a eiaeo Aa?i?a aeaiueiu ia oieueei
aeiioneaeenue, ii e ea?aee a iae aaaeouoth ?ieue. Eiaea "Les Droits de
l'Homme" (I?aaa *aeiaaea) auea. aeaaiui ia?acii, caiyoa caueoie
a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa, o. a. caueoie o?aioeocneeo a?aaeaeai io naiiai
ainoaea?noaa. ?eooaeu caeanue auee nie?auaiu aei ieieioia, e oioy eeyoaa
oaeiu no?iai niaethaeaeanue, ii ia nannee aeiioneaeenue ainoe, ioae/eiu
e aeaiueiu, ae?ocuey a?aoueaa e nanoa?. Aa?i?a auea eae au ioaaoaeaieai
Aaeeeiai Ainoiea

Eiaea I?aaa *aeiaaea ioe?ueanue a 1893 a. ai O?aioeee e Aaeueaee, e aa
caaioa i ?aaainoaa anao ia?aae caeiiii auea aeecea na?aeoeo ?onneeo e
o?aioeocneeo eeaa?aeia, iniaaiii aeaiuei - a yoe aiaeu ai O?aioeee
aeaiueiai cai?auaeinue eiaoue nianoaaiiua n?aaenoaa, ioe?uaaoue ia naia
eiy eiiia?/aneea i?aaei?eyoey, a oaeaea eiaoue iaaeaeaeeiinoue eee
nianoaaiiue oaeouee n/ao aac ?ac?aoaiey iooea eee ioaea e o.ae. Ii
Aaeeeay Eiaea n i?eioeeiaie i?aa /aeiaaea ia nii?eea, yoi aeaeii ec
iaiioaeeeiaaiiiai nae?aoiiai io/aoa ?onneie eiaee Eioin, a eioi?ii
aiai?eony ia oieueei i ae?oaeaneeo ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo a?aoueyie anao
o?ao Iineooaiee, ii e i /anoii i?enoonoaee a?aoueaa Aaeeeiai Ainoiea a
o?aia Aaeeeie Eiaee, e iaiai?io, a oaeaea i oii, /oi iaeioi?ua a?aouey,
i?eiaaeeaaeaaoea e Oioeaiaeneiio Onoaao (Aaeeeie Eiaea), aeaaea i?ineee
aeiionoeoue eo e ?aaioai (nia?aieyi) Aaeeeiai Ainoiea.

?onneia aeaieiia a?aonoai ia aeieaeii iai eacaoueny /ai-oi iniaaiiui.
Aioeeea?eeaeeci a ?onneeo eiaeao ia ea?ae oie aieinoaaiiie ?iee, eaeoth
ii ea?ae a eiaeao o?aioeocneeo. Aoaenou, eiia/ii, auee, ii aii?in i
?aeeaee ia ?acaeaeye ethaeae; auei aeaaiia, /oi eo naycuaaei: naiaiaea e
a?aonoai; iaa yoe eaeaaea iie ia?aoaee a oaeiii iauanoaa, e yoi
iauaaeeiyei eo. A aii?ina ?aeeaee ?onneea eeaa?aeu 1906-1916 aa. auee au
niaa?oaiii oaeiaeaoai?aiu, anee au oea?ue oaieee ec Neiiaea ieo?iiieeoa,
ae?oaa e niaooueueieea ?aniooeia, e iacia/ee ia yoi aunieia ianoi
aeinoieiiai /aeiaaea, aea e a oeaeii eo aiieia i?eie?eei au n
i?aaeoaeuenoaii aeiiouaiea a Niaao ieieno?ia iauanoaaiieeia, i eioi?uo
auei neacaii auoa.^ N?aaee yoeo iauanoaaiieeia auei iyoue-oanoue
ianiiia, a ana inoaeueiua auee n ianiiaie a ae?oaeaneeo ioiioaieyo.
Iaiaoiaeeii iiiieoue, /oi a yoe aiaeu ia ioaeaeaiee oea?eae io
ainoaea?noaa a ?innee ia/oaee oieueei ?aaeeeaeu, eeaa?aeu n/eoaee yoio
aii?in ianaiaa?aiaiiui. A ianiiaie a yoe aiaeu auee, aeaaiui ia?acii,
eeaa?aeu, o. a. Ia?iiiay n?aaeiyy /anoue Aeoineiai naeoi?a, a 1915 a.
iieo/eaoay iacaaiea "i?ia?anneaiiai aeiea" io eaauo ieoya?enoia aei
i?aauo nioeeaeenoia.

A 1915-1916 aa. ioe?ueinue ianeieueei iiauo eiae, a oii /enea e Aeoineay
eiaea. A iae i/aiue nei?i ieacaeinue ieiei 40 /aeiaae. Iia n?aco aea
ia/aea i?iyaeyoue aieueooth aeoeaiinoue

. A yoi aea a?aiy Aa?oiaiue Niaao Ia?iaeia ?innee ii?o/ee anai
Aeinoi/oeiui Ianoa?ai ?onneeo eiae ia oa??eoi?ee ?inneeneie Eiia?ee
ninoaaeoue nienie aoaeouaai i?aaeoaeuenoaa, eiaaea i?iecieaeoo iaeiiaoe
aeaeaiiua anai ia?aiaiu.

Ia yoi auei ioaa/aii Aeinoi/oeiuie Ianoa?aie, /oi yoe nienee oaea aeaaii
ninoaaeaiu.

Eoae - eaae?u auee aioiau. A iaaeo noieeoeao aeoioeu, i?ioanni?a,
aeeieiiaou, 'noaiu Aiaiii-i?iiuoeaiiiai eiieoaoa, /eaiu Caineiai e
Ai?iaeneiai nithca, aaeaieaou, aiaiiua, caioeu, iauanoaaiieee nicuaaee
ae?oa ae?oaa: eo aeaiue ianoaaae.

A iniiaiii, nienee oao, eoi aio-aio aeieaeai aue anoaoue o ei?ieea
aeanoe, auee ecaanoiu anai iinayuaiiui e iieoiinayuaiiui, iie oiaeeee ii
?oeai. Iinayuaiiuo auee nioie, ianoiyuaai /enea eo ieeoi ia ciae, e
aie?oa ieo auee iieoiinayuaiiua, oa. eioi?ua ia aeaaaee oaeinoaaiiie
eeyoau. ii iie/a iiaeaea?aeeaaee ia?auo - noa?ua oiaa?eue ii
nooaeai/aneei a?aiaiai, ?iaenoaaiieee e naienoaaiieee, iieiua iaueo
naiaeiuo i?aaeaiee, ninaaee ii ?iaeiaui eiaiueyi, iaeiieaoieee ii
ei?iono, ii o/eeeuo i?aaiaaaeaiey, ii eeoeath. Ni/oanoaiaaaoea e
iie/aaoea, e noiyaoea aaea-oi nianai aeecei, /oiau a ioaeioth ieiooo
ioaaoeoue ia ia?aeee/ea.

Aiciiaeii, /oi eoi-ieaoaeue ec yoiai aoi?iai neiy, a yoe iineaaeiea
ianyoeu ia?aae Oaa?aeai, aue oaea eaiaeeaeaoii a eiaee, ia yoii a
a?oeaao neaaeia iao. ianeieueei neia ia yoeo ethaeyo, ia iinayuaiiuo a
oaeiu, ii ciaaoeo i oaeiao, iie/aaoeo i ieo. nicaeaaaaoeo iaeoth
iaaeaeeioth. ii iuooeioth caueoo aeiaa?ey e ae?oaeau.

Yoe ethaee auee i?aaaa oeaio?a, eaeay-oi neea oae a ?aeeaaea eo io
aoiaeaeaiey a oaeiia ia u anoai.

Aaeaeai, I.A .. a?ao (1840-1907). I?aaeaiaeeoaeueaeai?yinoaa
Iii/aoeeiai oacaea. I?aaenaaeaoaeue Aieueii-Yeiiiie/aneiai Iauanoaa
(cae?uoiai oea?ai).

Aeieo?theia, E. E. (1872-19?). *eai Ain. Aeoiu, ieoya?eno,

Eaiaoueaa, I.I., a ?ao (1870-1926). Oea?neee ieieno? ia?iaeiiai
i?inaauaiey (yiaa?ue 1915 -aeaeaa?ue 1916).

E?oiaineee, I.I. (1863-192?). *eai II, III e IV Aeoiu. I?aaenaaeaoaeue
oeaio?a IV Aeoiu.

Iie?ianeee, I.I. Oea?neee ieieno? eiino?aiiuo aeae.

Naaeei. A.A. Niaaoiee ?onneiai iinieuenoaa a Eiiaeiia aei 1918 a.,
caoai - iieiiii/iue i?aaenoaaeoaeue ?innee a Aiaeee.

Oaeia aeaeaei ia iieiue nienie a?uea?aa?aea ?onneiai ianiinoaa a
iineaaeiea aiaeu oea?neiai ?aaeeia. Ianoa e a?oiiu, aaea yoe ae?ocuey
anaaaea iiaee iaeoe aaeeiiiuoeaiieeia, auee neaaeothuea:

O?aioeocneia iinieuenoai a Iaoa?ao?aa (O?aioeocneay iaa. aeii 10),

Ainoaea?noaaiiay Aeoia, Ainoaea?noaaiiue Niaao, I?ia?anneaiue aeie,
Nithc Inaiaiaeaeaiey (nou. aei 1905 a.), Ia?oee eaaeaoia, ieoya?enoia,
o?oaeiaeeia (ia?. nioeeaeenou), ?aai/ay a?oiia i?e Aiaiii-i?iiuoeaiiii
Eiieoaoa, Aiaiii-i?iiuoeaiiue eiieoao, Aaia?aeeoao (iinea 1915 a. e
niauaiey aae. ei. Ieeieay Ieeieaaae/a),

Iineianeay ai?iaeneay Aeoia, Oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiue nithc, Eeaa?aeueiia
Oaa?neia cainoai, Aaeaieaoo?a, I?ioanno?a Iineianeiai e Iaoa?ao?aneiai
oieaa?neoaoia.

N oaeei caueuaiiui oueii, ia/aai auei iianaoueny /eiiaiui e ia/eiiaiui
iauanoaaiieeai, a?aoueyi e oaeiui caaiai?ueeai.

1917 aiae ieacaeny aeey ?onneeo ianiiia aiiaaai eo aeayoaeueiinoe, ii
iauanoai inoaaaeinue noaoai oaeiui, iiaeao auoue, aua aeaaea aieaa
canae?a/aiiui, /ai aei ?aaiethoeee: a ia?aue ninoaa A?aiaiiiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa^ (ia?o - ai?aeue) aoiaeeee aeanyoue a?aoueaa e iaeei
i?ioai, eioi?ue iiiaia iiieiae e i iiiaii aeiaaaeuaaeny, ii aue caiyo
naiei niaie, naiae iieeoe/aneie aeia?aoeae e oie iieeoe/aneie oeao?ie,
eioi?oth ii i?iaoee?iaae a oiao nithcieeia. Yoi aue, eiia/ii, Iaaae
Ieeieaaae/ Ieetheia.

Ea?a?oey /eiia e noaiaiae niaethaeaeanue i/aiue no?iai. Eiaea -
ia?ae/iay y/aeea - i?aaenoaaeyea niaie aeaa eanoieoeu ainoiaeaeaiey:
iaeia nenoaia iiauoaiee ioiineeanue e iaycaiiinoyi a?aoueaa -
I?aaenaaeaoaeue, Nae?aoa?ue, Eacia/ae, I?ea?aoiee e o. ae. Ae?oaay auea
nianoaaiii ianiineie: O/aiee, Iiaeianoa?uea, Ianoa?, Oaeiue Ianoa? e o.
ae.- aei Aeinoi/oeiiai e I?aioae?iai. Yoa ianiineay ea?a?oey a Aaeeeii
Ainoiea eiaea 33 noaiaie, a Aaeeeie Eiaea - 18.

Ianiineea noaiaie aeaaaeenue ca ?aaiea a ianiineie aeayoaeueiinoe, ca
aeaaioai?eoaeueiinoue ii ioiioaieth e ianiiai, ca /enei e ea/anoai
aeieeaaeia, i?i/eoaiiuo ia nanneyo e ai a?aiy aaai, ca aeeo?aoiinoue a
oieaoa aciinia, ca /anoioo iinauaiee, ca aiaianiineoth aeayoaeueiinoue
ia aeaai ianiinoaa, Iaiueooth ?ieue ea?aee aeieeaaeu: ia ana oiaee
ienaoue eo, ia ana ciaee, i /ai ienaoue. Iu aeaeei ii i?ioieieai, /oi
aieueoa iieiaeiu a?aoueaa naeaeaee ca 10 eao ii iaeiiio aeieeaaeo, ii
oai ia iaiaa auee iiauoaiu a /eia.

Aaieaou, naiaai ?iaea niauoey, i?ienoiaeeee ii ?eooaeo iaeei ?ac a aeaa
ianyoea (aaaiu i?ienoiaeeee ?ac a iaaeaeth, a Aaeeeie Eiaea ii
aoi?ieeai, a Aaeeeii Ainoiea ii /aoaa?aai). Aaieao oaeaea auaae a eaiue
na. Eiaiia-E?anoeoaey. 6 ethey. Oiua niae?aeenue ana aianoa, e?iia
e?aeia i?aauo e e?aeia eaauo, eioi?ua noa?aeenue ia niaoeaaoueny n
eiaeiiuneyueie, e yoi aue ianoiyuee i?acaeiee aeey oao, eioi?ua
aeaaeaeaee naeeaeaiey.

E ia/aeo 80-o aa. A?eoaineay yioeeeeiiaaeey ioia/aea, /oi ec oanoe
ieeeeiiia ianiiia /aou?a i?iaeeaaee a NOA e iaeei ieeeeii a
Aaeeeia?eoaiee. Niaeanii Anaie?iie yioeeeeiiaaeee ca 1986 a., a NOA
ian/eouaaeinue 3,25 ieeeeiia ianiiia, a a inoaeueiii ie?a iieoi?a
ieeeeiia.

.

CAEETH*AIEA.

Iaeioi?oth eeethceth iiaouanoaa ianiiia ninoaaeyao oi
ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi iiyaeeinue iiiai ?aciuo i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ua
ia eiay ie/aai iauaai n ianiiaie, oai ia iaiaa, i?iiiaaaeotho a
eneaaeaiiii aeaea iaeioi?ua ec oao eaeae, eioi?ua ninoaaeyee
nouiinoue o/aiey ianiiia, eai yoe eaeae, eiay naiei enoi/ieeii
aiaeanoaaiioth ioae?inoue, anaaaea aeeee e aoaeoo aeeoue n?aaee
/aeiaa/anoaa. Oi/ii oaeaea anoue iacia/eoaeueiua e ie/oiaeiua
i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ua aeey i?eaeaiey naaa cia/eoaeueiinoe ia?aiyee
iaeioi?ua ianiineea ?eooaeu e ia?yaeu, eioi?ua niaa?oatho aac anyeiai
niunea e iiieiaiey eo aioo?aiiaai cia/aiey, iaaeaeo oai /aeiaaea
iaiiuoiiai yoi iaaiaeeo ia iuneue, /oi ii eiaao aeaei n i?aaiecaoeeae
ianiiia.

A aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe aea ia ianiiu e ia aa?ae iai?aaeytho oiae niauoee
ia caiea, ii einie/aneee caeii i?e/ei e neaaenoaee, iai?aaeyaiue
Aaeeeeie Neeaie Naaoa. Niauoey ia caiea anoue neaaenoaea, a i?e/eiie
yaeyaony nai /aeiaae, aai aeaeaiey, iunee e ono?aieaiey. Anee au
ethaee ia no?aieeenue e niia?ie/anoao, e caoaaoai e caaiaaaieyi, oi
ieeiaaea au ia auei neaaenoaee - aiei e ?aaiethoeee n eo aaaenoaeyie,
/oi iaeiia?aiaiiia nouanoaiaaiea eae naaoeuo, oae e oaiiuo
i?aaiecaoeee anoue iaecaaaeiia neaaenoaea oa/aiey yaiethoeee aeecie.
Yoei aeinoeaaaony ioai? c?aeuo ieiaeia /aeiaa/aneie yaiethoeee
io iac?aeuo. E a oi a?aiy eae c?aeua ieiaeu /aeiaa/aneie yaiethoeee
aunoei niciaieai /otho Naao e ono?aieythony e enoi/ieeo Naaoa,
iac?aeua ia aeaeyo yoiai Naaoa.

Eae ethaia yaeaiea ianiinoai eiaei naie ?anoeaao e oiaaeie ia
ii?aaeaeaiiuo noaaeeyo ?acaeoey, aeey iaiy iniiaiay oeeinioey ianiinoaa
aeecea eae /aeiaaeo, ii yoo oeeinioeth iaeioi?ua iieeoeee eniieueciaaee
aeey caaiaaaiey ainiiaenoaa iaae oiaie ethaeae e eniieueciaaee iinea
yoiai naith aeanoue a iaaeinoieiuo /aeiaaeo oeaeyo, /oi i?eaaei e
iaaeiiiieiaieth e io?eoeaoaeueiiio ioiioaieth e iiiyoeth ianiinoaa. Eae
yaeaiea iii e a aoaeouai o?aaoao aieaa iieiiai enneaaeiaaiey aai, a
enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa, e a iineaaenoaee caeiao aeinoieiia aeey iaai
ianoi.

,

EEOA?AOO?A

Aa?aa?iaa I.I. Ethaee e eiaee. ?onneea ianiiu OO noieaoey. Oa?ueeia:
Eaeaeaeineii; I.: I?ia?ann-O?aaeeoeey, 1997. 400 n.

A?a/aa. Oaeiua ianiineea iauanoaa a NNN? // Iieiaeay aaa?aeey. 1994. -
? 3.

Eeecianeee A.E. I?aaaea i ianiinoaa: I., 1934.

Eaiei I. Oaeiua i?oaeeiu enoi?ee: Ianiinoai a aai i?ioeii e ianoiyuai
//Iieiaeay aaa?aeey. 1991. - ? 7.

Ii?aia?ei I. Ianiinoai a i?ioeii e ianoiyuai: I., 1990.

Iano?ia A. Iu ianiiu //Iieiaeay aaa?aeey. 1994. - ? 12.

Iieeoieiaey. Yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue: I., 1993.

Ieaoiiia I. Ianiineee caaiai? a ?innee (1731-1995a.a.) // Iao
nia?aiaiiee. 1995. -? 2.

Nieiaueaa I.O. Ianiinoai aeaeaeia e aeeceia // Iiaay e iiaaeoay
enoi?ey. 1992. - ? 4.

Oeieiaa. Iiae iie?iaii ianiineie oaeiu // Iaoea e aeeciue. 1990. - ?12

Oii Y?oeai Aea?ii A.Y. Oaeiua oeao?u ?icaie?aeoea?ia. I.: "Aaeea?",
1997. 224 n, ee.