Топики для сдачи экзамена по английскому языку в 11-ом классе (Шпаргалка)

Топики для сдачи экзамена по английскому языку в 11-ом классе (Шпаргалка)

RUSSIAN FEDERATION (RUSSIA)

Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. It occupies about one-

seventh part of dry land. It is situated in Europe and Asia. Its total area

is over 17 million square kilometers.

The country is washed by seas and oceans.

There are different types of climate on the territory of the country. It

is very cold in the North even in summer. The central part of the country

has mild climate: winters are cold, springs and autumns are warm or cool,

summers are hot and warm. In the South the temperature is usually above

zero all year round, even in winter. Summer is really hot, the climate is

very favourable. The climate of Siberia is continental: summers are hot and

dry, winters are very cold.

Some parts of our country are covered with mountains and hills.

There are many rivers in Russia, the longest rivers are the Volga in

Europe and the Yenisei and the Ob in Asia. The deepest lakes are the Baikal

and the Ladoga.

The Russian Federation is very rich in mineral resources, such as oil,

natural gas, coal, iron, gold and others.

Russia borders on many countries. Among them are Estonia, Latvia,

Finland, Poland, China, Mongolia, Korea.

Moscow is the capital of our country. It was founded in 1147. It is a

wonderful city. There are many sights in Moscow. You can see many museums,

art galleries, theatres, churches and monuments in our capital. People of

our country are proud of the Moscow Kremlin. There are also many big

beautiful cities in Russia.

The population of Russia is about 150 million people. 83 per cent of the

population are Russians. 70 per cent of the population live in cities.

MOSCOW

Moscow is the capital of Russia. It is one of the biggest and most

beautiful cities in the world. Moscow is a modern city now. The population

of the city is about 9.8 million people. Moscow is a political centre,

where the government of our country works. Moscow was founded in 1147 by

Yuri Dolgoruky. The total area of Moscow is about nine hundred square

kilometres.

We say that Moscow is a port of five seas, as the Moscow—Volga Canal

links Moscow with the Baltic, White, Caspian and Black seas and the Sea of

Azov.

Moscow is an industrial centre too. There are many factories and plants in

it. One of the best-known plants produces many lorries, and the other one

produces cars.

The Bolshoi Theatre is one of the famous theatres all over the world. If

you are fond of painting you can go to the Tretyakov Art Gallery or to the

Pushkin Fine Arts Museum and see a lot of interesting portraits and

landscapes there. We say that the Tretyakov Art Gallery is a treasure-house

of Russian art. Young people like to visit the Central Military Museum.

There are many tanks, guns and war documents there.

One can see the Kremlin and Red Square in the city. There are many fine

buildings, wide streets, green parks, large squares, churches and monuments

in Moscow.

It is necessary to mention such famous monuments as monuments to the

great Russian writer Alexander Pushkin and to the first Russian printer

Ivan Fedorov.

Visiting the capital a lot of foreigners from all over the world come to

see these monuments.

One of the highest buildings in Moscow is the State Moscow University. It

was founded in 1755 by the great scientist Mikhail Lomonosov.

Transport. Moscow is a very big city, and its transport must be

comfortable and fast.

One can see a lot of cars, buses, trolley-buses, trams in the streets of

our city. The Moscow metro began its work on the 15th of May, 1935. There

were 13 stations at that time. Now it has 190 stations. Our metro is a

beautiful and convenient one.

There are nine railway stations in Moscow and five airports around the

city.

There are many stadiums in Moscow. The Central Stadium is in Luzhniki.

Many competitions and football matches are held there.

The Olympic village was built for the 22nd Olympic Games in Moscow in

1980. It is a big complex for sport games.

I live in Moscow and I am proud of this city.

THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

The United Kingdom is situated in the north-west coast of Europe between

the Atlantic Ocean on the north-west and the North Sea on the east.

The U. K. includes Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

I

Great Britain, the largest island in Europe, contains England, Scotland

and Wales.

The United Kingdom has an area of

244,000 square kilometres (94,249 square miles). The capital of the

country is London. English is the official language.

The population of the U. K. is nearly 60 million people. The population

lives mostly in towns and cities and their suburbs. Four out of every five

people live in towns. Over 46 million people live in England. Over 3

million — in Wales. A little over 5 million — in Scotland. About 1.5

million— in Northern Ireland. London's population is over 7 million people.

The British nation consists of the English, the Scots, the Welsh and the

Irish. There are many people of all colours and races in the United

Kingdom.

The climate of Great Britain is mild. It is not too hot in summer or too

cold in winter. It often rains in England. Rain falls in summer and in

winter, in autumn and in spring. Snow falls only in the north and west of

the country. The surface of England and Ireland is flat, but Scotland and

Wales are mountainous. Many parts of the country have beautiful villages.

There are many rivers in Great Britain. The main river is the Thames. Many

ships and barges go up and down the river. The longest river is Severn. It

is 350 kilometres long.

There are many universities, colleges libraries, museums and theatres in

the country. The most famous universities are Cambridge University, Oxford

University, Glasgow University.

The U. K. is a parliamentary monarchy. The British Parliament consists of

two Houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The Prime Minister

is the head of the government.

The United Kingdom has some mineral resources. Coal and oil are the most

important of them. The United Kingdom i one of the world's most

industrialize» countries. The main industrial centres are Sheffield,

Birmingham and Manchester. The largest cities of the country are London,

Birmingham, Cardiff, Manchester, Glasgow, Belfast, Dublin.

Agriculture takes an important sector in economy of the country. The

British people grow wheat, fruit, vegetables oats.

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The USA is one of the largest countries in the world. It is situated in

the central part of the North American continent. The area of the USA is

over nine million square kilometres. It is washed by the Pacific Ocean and

by the Atlantic Ocean. The most northern part of the USA is Alaska,, the

largest state, separated from the rest of the country by Canada.

The population of the United States is nearly 250 million people, most of

the people live in towns. People of different nationalities live in the

USA.

The official language of the country is English. The capital of the

country is Washington. It was named in honour of the first President,

George Washington.

As the USA is a large country, the climate is different in different

regions. Foi example, the Pacific coast is a region of mild winters and

warm, dry summers, but the eastern continental region is watered with

rainfall. The region arounc the Great Lakes has changeable weather.

There are many mountains in the USA For example, the highest peaks of the

Cordilliers in the USA are 6,193 and 4,418 metres.

The main river of the country is the Mississippi. But there are many

other great rivers in the USA: the Colorado in the south and the Columbia

in the northwest. There are five Great Lakes between the USA and Canada.

The USA produces more than 52 per cent of the world's corn, wheat,

cotton, tobacco.

There are many big cities in the coun try. They are Washington (the

capital

of the country). New York (the city of contrasts, financial and business

centre of the USA), Boston (there are many colleges and universities in

it), Chicago (one of the biggest industrial cities in the USA), San

Francisco, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Detroit (one of the biggest centres

of the automobile industry).

The USA has an Academy of Sciences. There are many scientific

institutions, museums, libraries, theatres and other interesting places in

the country.

The USA is a highly developed industrial country. The USA is rich in

mineral resources, such as aluminium, salt, zinc, coppers, and others. The

country is rich in coal, natural gas, gold and silver, too. It holds one of

the first places in the world for the production of coal, iron, oil,

natural gas.

Such industries as machine-building, ship-building are highly developed in

the country.

American agriculture produces a lot of food products: grain, fruit,

vegetables.

The USA is a federal republic, consisting of fifty states. Each of these

states has its own government. Congress is the American Parliament which

consists of two Chambers.

The president is the head of the state and the government. He is elected

for four years.

NEW ZEALAND

New Zealand is a very interesting country. It has got total area of

269,000 square kilometers. It is situated to south-east of Australia in the

Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main islands (North Island and South

Island) and some smaller ones. Nearly 3.5 million people live in the

country. The capital of New Zealand is Wellington. It is a financial centre

too. The city was founded in 1840 and has been the capital since 1865. The

official language Is English.

The climate of New Zealand is moist. New Zealand is rich in minerals.

There are some main industries in the country, for example, iron and steel

industry. The country has gas and petroleum. There are many mountains in

New Zealand. The highest is Mount Cook (3,764 metres or 12,349 feet).

There are many rivers and lakes in the country. The chief rivers are the

Waikato and the Wairu. You have heard about the native animals in the

country. One of them is the kiwi. This interesting bird lives in the wet

parts of the thick bushes. In the day-time the bird does not go out. It

comes out only at night to find food. Kiwis cannot fly. Many years ago

kiwis were hunted for food. Now the government does not permit the hunting

the kiwis. The kiwi is now the symbol of New Zealand people. Small children

are often called kiwis.

New Zealand is independent state, but formerly it is a part of the British

Empire. The head of the state is the Queen. New Zealand is self-governing

state. The Parliament consists of one House only, the House of

Representatives. The Prime Minister is the head of the government.

New Zealand has got heavy industry. There are many plants in the country.

Paper and rubber industries are developed too. New Zealand exports wool,

meat, butter.

There are some big cities such as Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dune-

din, Nelson. Auckland and Wellington are the main ports of the country.

There are some educational and cultural institutions in Wellington. They

are the University of New Zealand, Victoria University College and others.

Victoria University was established in 1897.

New Zealand is a very interesting and beautiful country.

THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA

The Commonwealth of Australia is a federal state. It has got six states:

New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia,

Tasmania and two internal territories. The official language is English.

Australia is situated in the south-west of the Pacific Ocean.

The area of this country has got 7,687,000 square kilometers. Australia is

the largest island in the world and it is the smallest continent. The Dutch

were the first Europeans to visit Australia. In 1770 the English captain

James Cook discovered the east coast of Australia.

Nearly 20 million people live in Australia.

Australia's climate is dry and warm. Australia is situated in the southern

hemisphere and that's why there is summer, when we have winter and there is

winter, when we have summer. It is interesting to know that January is the

hottest month in Australia.

Australia is separated from many countries. The animals in Australia have

a lot of original, and they are interesting, for example, dingoes (wild

dogs), koala bears, kangaroos.

The kangaroo and koala have got the pouch in which they carry their cubs.

There are many birds in the country, too. One can see parrots and

cockatoos. The emu is the most interesting bird in Australia. It is big and

can't fly.

There are many rivers and lakes in the country.

Australia is an industrial country. It has coal, nickel, zinc, gold.

Several factories and plants work in the country. Australia is one of the

most important producers of metals and minerals. It exports wool

production, meat, fruit, sugar.

The capital of the country is Canberra. The city became the capital in

1927. Federal Government works in Canberra in the government buildings. It

is interest

ing to know that there are no industrial plants in Canberra.

The population of Canberra is about 300,000 people.

There are many sights in the city. They are the Building of the Australian

Academy of Sciences, the Australian National University and others. There

are two big industrial cities in Australia: Sydney and Melbourne.

The habited part of the country is situated near ocean. Melbourne, Sydney,

Brisbane and others are the ports of the country.

Australia is a part of the British Empire. Formerly the head of the state

is the Queen, but in fact Australia is independent, self-governing state.

The Parliament consists of two Houses.

There are many universities, theatres and museums in Australia.

YOUTH PROBLEMS

All people have problems. Some of them have many problems, the others have

one or two problems only.

Young people have as many problems as the grown-ups. It is possible to

solve some problems but sometimes we can not solve this or that problem.

The first problem is to choose a good friend. I know the proverb "A friend

in need is a friend indeed." I agree with it, that's why I try to make

friends with gay and true persons.

I want to have a friend who understands me. It will be simple and

interesting to speak to him or her.

I think that young people have problems with their parents. What are they?

Sometimes we have different tastes. I like the proverb "There is no

accounting for tastes." For example, I go to the shops with my mother. She

likes this dress but I like that one. My mother wants me to buy this dress.

But I am sure, that dress is much to my taste.

My parents want me to be a teacher as they are skilled teachers but I

have a taste for music, and my dream is to be a composer.

Where can we go? What can we do if we have free time? My friend Nastya

lives in the village. Her village is far from Moscow. It takes her three

hours to go to Moscow. She says that there is nowhere to go and there is

nothing to do in her village. There are no clubs, museums, cinemas, parks

there. If she wants to go to Moscow it'll take her a lot of money. She

can't afford it.

It is a problem to get a good education.

It is necessary to pay for a good education. I think it is difficult to

learn English, for example, without additional classes.

I can't enter the Institute without good knowledge. To get it it is

necessary to pay for it and have heavy expenses.

Many good teachers leave schools because they haven't got enough money.

Persons without special experience can't teach the pupils well.

I am sure that all teenagers want to have a lot of money to dress well, to

go to the theatres, to visit foreign countries, ito eat what they want, to

buy books-How can they solve all these problems?

They have to earn money. I think it is possible to do it. Some boys wash

cars, the others sell newspapers, some of my friends help old persons. Many

of my friends have load of care.

We have some problems but we are sure that we solve them in a proper way.

I think that the young people in other countries have many problems too. I

have a pen-friend in Italy. He usually writes that his parents make him to

do a lot of house-work. It is stange for us, but my friend Jack from London

has his biggest problem — his freckles.

INTRODUCING YOURSELF

My name is Kostya. My surname is Laznev. I was born in Moscow on the 23rd

of June in 1981. I am a tall thin boy. My hair is dark and short. My face

is oval, my nose is straight. My eyes are large and brown. My friends say

that I am a good-looking boy. I like to dress well. I usually wear black

trousers, light shirts, clean boots.

I have a dream to enter the Institute.

I worked hard at school. We studied many subjects such as History,

Russian, Physics, Geography and others. I was fond of English and Physics.

And I was good at them.

I think that I am honest, serious and polite.

I want to get a good education and find an interesting and useful work. I

have a hobby. I like to sing songs. My father likes to sing songs too. He

knows many good songs and we usually sing songs together.

Nowadays young people don't like classical music. They prefer pop music.

My parents invite me to some very good concerts of classical music. It is

great. I am very grateful to my parents because now I begin to understand

how wrong I was going only to pop concerts.

I am proud of my mother and father. They are musicians. We like to spend

our free time together. We often go to the museums, to the Concert Halls,

to the theatres.

I want to say that I respect my parents.

I HAVE A DREAM TO BE A DOCTOR

There are many interesting and noble professions. I want to become a

doctor.

I like this profession and I am eager to get a medical education and work

at a hospital.

It is a good tradition in our family. My mother is a doctor, my

grandfather is a doctor and I want to be a doctor, too.

When I was a little boy my grandfather worked at a hospital and I spent

some time at the hospital with him. He is a surgeon and works in a surgical

department.

Day by day he takes care of his hospital patients, he treats them well.

He is very attentive. Every day he comes into

wards asking patients, "What do you complain of?"

He wants all people to be able-bodied and he tries to treat his in-

patients in a proper way.

To operate on persons is his main task. He is a kind and skilled surgeon.

Every day he comes into an operating-room and operates on his in-patients.

After each operation he takes care of his in-patients. Day by day he helps

them to recover and he is glad when he can say, "My in-patient is quite

recovered."

Sometimes he advises his in-patients to go to sanatoriums after leaving

the hospital. He instructs them in detail what they can do and eat after

their operations.

My grandfather tells me a lot of true stories about doctors, their

profession, their aid for people.

I respect my grandfather. I like his profession and I have a dream to be a

doctor too.

SPORT AND A HEALTHY MODE OF LIFE

Sport is very important in our life. It is popular among young and old

people.

Many people do morning exercises, jog in the morning, train themselves in

clubs, in different sections and take part in sport competitions.

Other people like sports too, but they only watch sports games, listen to

sports news. They prefer reading interesting stories about sportsmen. But

they don't go in for sports.

Physical training is an important subject at school. Pupils have got

physical training lessons twice a week. Boys and girls play volley-ball and

basket-ball at the lessons. There is a sportsground near our school and

school-children go in foi sports in the open air.

A lot of different competitions are held at schools, a great number of

pupils take part in them. All participants try to get good results and

become winners. Sport helps people to keep in good health. If you go in for

sports, you have good health and don't catch cold.

Children and grown-ups must take care of their health and do morning

exercises regularly.

There are some popular kinds of sports in our country: football, volley-

ball, hockey, gymnastics, skiing, skating. Athletics is one of the most

popular kinds of sports. It includes such kinds of sports as running,

jumping and others. Everybody may choose the sport he (or she) is

interested in.

There are summer and winter sports.

My favourite sport is swimming. I go to the swimming-pool twice a week.

But I prefer to rest by the lake or the river and swim there.

My friend Kostya goes in for boxing. He is a good boxer and he is a brave

and courageous boy. His hobby helps him in his everyday life.

Sports in Great Britain

National sports in Great Britain... It is a very interesting question,

because many kinds of sport have taken the origin in England.

The Englishmen love sports, they are called sports-lovers in spite of the

fact that some of them neither play games nor even watch them. They only

like to speak about sports.

Some kinds of sport are professional in England.

Many traditional sporting contests take place in England, for example,

cricket. It is played from May till September. This game is associated with

England. There are many cricket clubs in this country. English people like

to play cricket. They think that summer without cricket isn't summer.

Cricket is the English national sport in summer. If you want to play

cricket you must wear white boots, a white shirt and white long trousers.

There are two teams. Each team has eleven players. Cricket is popular in

boys' schools. Girls play cricket too.

Football. It has got a long history. Football was played by the whole

village teams in the middle ages in England.

Now football is the most popular game in Britain. It is a team game.

There are some amateur teams but most of the teams are professional ones in

England. Professional football is a big business. Football is played at

schools too.

Rugby football. You can see a ball in this game, but it is not round. It

is oval. This is a team game. There are fifteen players in each team. It is

a popular game in England. There are many amateur rug-by football teams in

this country.

If we speak about football we can mention an American football too. It is

a game that is played between two teams of players using an oval ball that

can be handled or kicked. The captain of the team must be the oldest or

best player.

Table tennis or ping-pong. Englishmen heard about table tennis in 1880.

Then the International Table Tennis Association was formed and the

international rules were worked out.

Many people like to play table tennis. This game is played by men and

women.

There are some tennis clubs in England, but if you play there it is

necessary to pay money for it.

Englishmen like playing tennis but many of them prefer to watch this game.

Wimbledon. It is the centre of lawn tennis. Some years ago Wimbledon was a

village, now it is a part of London. The most important tennis competition

takes place there every summer.

Englishmen pay much attention to swimming, rowing and walking. Usually the

Oxford—Cambridge Boat Race takes place at the end of March or at the

beginning of April. It is an interesting contest between the universities

of Oxford and Cambridge. It is usually held on the Thames River. The first

such race was held in 1820. There were a lot of people watching this race.

There are some racing competitions in England. They are motor-car racing,

dog-racing, donkey-racing, boat-racing, horse-racing. All kinds of racings

are popular in England. It is interesting to see the egg-and-spoon race.

The runner, who takes part in this competition, must carry an egg in a

spoon. It is not allowed to drop the egg.

We must speak about the Highland Games in Scotland. All competitors wear

Highland dress. There are such competitions as putting the weight, tossing

the caber and others. The English are great lovers of sports.

LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES

It is necessary to learn foreign languages. That's why pupils have got

such subject as a foreign language at school. Everybody knows his own

language, but it is useful to know foreign languages.

I learn English, because I understand that I can use it. For example, if I

go to England I'll be able to speak English there. If I go to the USA, I'll

speak English too. English is used not only in England, but also in other

parts of the world.

I learn English because I want to read foreign literature in the original.

I know and like such English and American writers as Charles Dickens, Mark

Twain, Lewis Carroll and others. I understand that I must learn English. If

I know English well, I'll be able to go to the library and take books by

English and American writers in the original.

I like to travel. But it is difficult to visit countries, when you don't

know the language of these countries. If I know the language of the

country, where I am going to, it will be easy to travel there. If I want to

ask something, I can do it in English.

I like to read books. And I like to read newspapers, too. If I know, for

example, English I'll be able to read English newspapers and magazines.

Knowledge of foreign languages helps young people of different countries to

understand each other, to develop friendship among them. For example, we

have a foreign exhibition in Moscow. If I know a foreign language, it is

easy for me to visit this exhibition.

You can see a lot of advertisements, signboards, names in the streets.

They are in foreign languages. Very often they are in English. If you know

English, you can read and understand them.

Now we buy many clothes from other countries If you know English well, you

can read something about the size of this or that thing. It is clear for

you what it is made of.

There are a lot of films in foreign languages. If you know foreign

languages, you can understand films without any help.

There are international friendship camps in the world. If you can speak

foreign languages, it will be easy for you to visit such camps and speak

with the boys, girls, men even they don't know Russian.

In short, I understand that I have to learn English in a proper way and I

try to do it.

I LIKE TO TRAVEL

I like to travel. First of all, the members of our family usually have

long walks in the country. Such walks are called hikes. If we want to see

the countryside, we have to spend a part of our summer holidays on hikes.

It is useful for all members of our family. We take our rucksacks, we don't

think about tickets, we don't hurry up and we walk a lot. During such hikes

we see a lot of interesting places, sometimes we meet. interesting people.

I like to travel by car. It is interesting too, because you can see many

things in a short time. When we go by car, we don't take tickets too, we

put all things we need in a car. We don't carry them.

THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Our country. Our environment. There are many big and small rivers, green

forests, high mountains, lakes and seas in Russia.

Our Earth is our home. I think people must take care of our Motherland.

There are some laws and decisions on this important subject. We have state

organizations which pay attention to this problem.

The international conventions pay much attention to the control of

pollution too.

There are a lot of industrial enterprises in our country, that's why we

can't ignore the problem of the protection of our environment. Our main aim

is the protection. Our environment must be clean. What V must we do for it?

We have to control atmospheric and water pollution, to study the man's

influence on the climate. The pollution of the environment influences the

life of animals, plants and our human life. If we don't use chemicals in a

proper way we'll pollute our environment.

Our plants and factories put their waste materials into water and

atmosphere and pollute the environment.

There are many kinds of transport in our big cities, that's why we must

pay attention to the protection of our nature and the health of the people.

Radiation. Now it has become one of the main problems. It is not good for

J health of people. Many people died from radiation some years ago in

Chernobyl. It ' was a tragedy. Another problem is earthquake. We know some

terrible earthquakes in the world. Our scientists try to forecast

earthquakes, then we can protect ourselves from them.

The people all over the world do everything to protect their nature, to

make their country richer, to make their life happier.

CHRISTMAS DAY

Every country has its own customs and traditions. English people are proud

of their traditions and they keep them up.

It is difficult to speak about England without speaking about its

holidays. Christmas Day is among them.

All English people celebrate Christmas (or X-mas) on the 25th of December.

Christmas! What kind of holiday is it? It is the yearly celebration of the

birth of Jesus Christ. It falls on December 25 by the Catholic Church and

on the 7th of January by the Orthodox Church. This holiday means the

beginning of the new year and the new life. English people celebrate this

holiday with the evergreen tree — Christmas tree. Children rut

along sock, called a Christmas stocking at the end of their beds and Santa

Claus conies down the chimney to bring them presents.

Christmas Day is the greatest holiday in England. It is interesting to

visit the shops before this holiday. There are a lot of nice Christmas

cards and presents there. English people like this holiday very much and

prepare for it beforehand. They buy presents for each other, try to send

Christmas cards for their relatives and friends.

It is interesting to visit London during this holiday. There is a

Christmas tree in Trafalgar Square. We can see many lights, toys and sweets

all over this tree. Everywhere you can see slogans "A Merry Christmas and a

Happy New Year".

The traditional English dinner on Christmas is turkey and pudding.

NEW YEAR'S DAY

There are many holidays in our country. They are: New Year's Day,

Christmas, Women's Day, Victory Day, May Day and others.

I like New Year's Day, it is my favourite holiday. The 1st of January is a

winter holiday and now it is the first day of the New Year.

Peter the First changed the Russian calendar in 1699. He made the 31st of

December, 1699 the last day of the year. The first of January 1700 became

New Year's Day.

The 1st of January is in the middle of winter. The weather is usually fine

and there is a lot of snow everywhere. As the 1st of January is a holiday I

don't go to school and my parents don't go to work.

We usually have got a very interesting New Year's party at school. We

have got it on the 28th or 29th of December.

Our family prepares for this holiday beforehand. My father buys and

brings home a beautiful New Year's tree at the end of December. Our family

has a tradition to buy it. I like to decorate the New Year's tree with

toys, little coloured lights, sweets and a beautiful star on the top.

My mother and grandmother prepare our holiday supper and lay the table. I

make a cake.

All the members of our family clean the flat before this nice holiday and

then each of us try to dress well. We like to see the New Year in at home

with our relatives. They come to see us at 11 o'clock in the evening.

At 12 o'clock we are sitting at the table and we are glad to see the New

Year in. We say, "Best wishes for the New Year!"

I hope that next year will be better than the last one.

The New Year's Day is always connected with our new hopes and dreams.

It is a pleasant moment to get presents on the New Year's Eve.

I usually get many nice useful things from my parents and relatives.

My parents put their presents under the New Year's tree.

We don't go to bed till morning, we watch TV, dance, eat tasty things and

make jokes.

I enjoy this holiday very much.

YURI GAGARIN (1934-68)

Yuri Gagarin was the first cosmonaut in the world. Yuri Alexeyevich

Gagarin was born on the 9th of March, 1934. He was born in the village of

Klushino in the Smolensk region.

Yura was an active, brave and curious boy. His father was jack of all

trades and he helped his son when Yura made toy planes by hand. But the war

began. Yuri Gagarin and his mother, father, brother and sister left their

house and had to live in a dug-out.

After the war Gagarin's family moved to Gzhatsk. Now it is Gagarin. It

was named after the first cosmonaut.

In 1951 Gagarin graduated from a vocational school in Lyubertsy near

Moscow.

Yuri Gagarin attended an aeroclub and began to fly when he was a student

of a technical secondary school in Saratov.

In 1955 he entered a school for pilots. Then he became a pilot and joined

the first group of cosmonauts.

In 1960 Gagarin began to prepare for the flight into space.

On April 12, 1961 Yuri Gagarin flew into space and spent 108 minutes

there. Jt was the first time in history that the Russian spaceship "Vostok"

with the man on board was in space. After his flight he visited many

countries and saw millions of people. Gagarin became a Hero of our country.

He died in 1968, but people always remember the first Russian cosmonaut.

THE MASS MEDIA

Newspapers

There are many kinds of newspapers in our country. It is possible to buy

them almost everywhere. But we can't read all the newspapers. We know that

it is necessary to read newspapers. Reading them we can learn a lot of

interesting and useful things. I think that everyone must read newspapers

every day. I read many newspapers and magazines.

Everyone has its favourite newspapers. I like "Vechernaya Moskva" best of

all. This newspaper was published on the 6th of December, 1923 for the

first time. It usually has 8 pages. You can read some news on the 1st page.

You can't know a lot about these events, you read only some facts, which

are usually short, but

interesting. If you turn the second page, you can read about our life. You

can read out events abroad and about your favourite artists and singers,

too. You л see some advertisements on each page the newspaper and use them.

You can learn about the weather from the pages of is newspaper.

If you are fond of football, basket-ball tennis, you read articles about

sport events in our country and about our famous sportsmen. If you want to

buy something you have to read the last page. There are some humorous

stories in this newspaper.

Magazines

It is interesting to look through some magazines or read them. It is

possible to subscribe to some of them or buy them. We usually subscribe to

the magazine "At the wheel". As we have a car it is useful for us to read

it. My mother prefer to read the magazine "Liza". She says that it even

helps her in some cases.

Television and radio

I think that they are very popular means of information. They are popular

among young people in our country. We can know a lot of news watching TV or

listening to the radio set. All members of our family watch TV very

regularly. We like such programme as "My family". I prefer to discuss some

problems with my parents after it. I have many favourite TV programmes but

I haven't enough time to watch all of them.

MY HOBBY

What is a hobby? It is what you can and like to do, when you have free

time. We choose a hobby according to our character and taste. When we have

a hobby our life becomes more interesting.

Very often our hobby helps us to choose our future profession because we

learn a lot of new things.

Many people are interested in music. They collect records. Others like to

read and collect books. People living in cities and towns like to be closer

to nature and they spend their free time in the country.

Some of us go on hikes, some like to work in their gardens, take

photographs or knit.

For example, gardening and growing roses is the most common hobby among

Englishmen.

Both grown-ups and children are fond of playing different computer games.

It has become one of the numerous hobbies.

I have got a hobby too.

My name is Nastya. Sometimes I have got some free time. As my hobby is

cooking I like to make cakes and pies. My cakes are very tasty, but I like

pies best of all. I'll tell you how I make pies with cabbage.

First of all I take a head of cabbage, cut and put it into a frying-pan.

Then I take carrot and peel it. By the way I have a very comfortable grater

at home. I like to use it when I make my pies. I usually grate carrot,

onion using my favourite grater. I put grated carrot into the frying-pan,

then I salt cabbage and carrot to my taste, mix them and add some water.

Then I stew these vegetables in the frying-pan. I usually buy some paste

for my pies.

I cut up paste, roll it and make small pies. Then I put pies with stewed

cabbage into the oven. It takes twenty minutes

to bake them. My parents and friends like to eat my pies. I advise you to

make such pies and I hope that you'll like them too.

MY SCHOOL

At the age of 6 or 7 all boys and girls go to school. I go to school too.

The number of my school is 338. Our school is large and light. It is

neither old nor new. There is a schoolyard around it. It is a pity, but

there are no flowers near the school. You can see a sportsground behind the

school. Sometimes we have physical training lessons there.

Our school has got three floors. There is a workshop on the ground floor.

It is big. There are all kinds of tools and machines there. The boys of our

school have a wood-work room too. They learn to make things of wood in this

room. There is a room for manual work for girls. It is not on the ground

floor, it is on the second floor.

There are some computer classes, and pupils like such school subjects as

Computing.

If you enter the school and go to the left you see a dining-room. Here

pupils and teachers have their breakfast and dinner.

The dining-room is a clean one. There are many nice pictures on the walls.

There is a gymnasium near the dining-room. All pupils like to go there,

because they like physical training lessons.

Our school has got a library. It is on the ground floor too. There are a

lot of interesting new and old books in it. But our library has no reading-

room.

Our school has got many classrooms. We have got two English classrooms.

History, Geography and Physics classrooms and others. They are big and

light and each of them has got two large windows with green curtains,

flowers on the window-sills, a bookcase near the door, the blackboard on

the wall.

The teacher's table with many books on it is situated not far from the

blackboard.

There are twenty desks and some comfortable chairs in the classrooms.

There is a TV set in each classroom. Sometimes it is used during the

lessons.

There is a school hall on the second floor where meetings and conferences

take place.

We organize concerts, parties when we celebrate our holidays. Pupils of

our school sing songs and dance modern and folk dances and perform some

plays there. The last bell is organized at our school in a proper way. It

is a very remarkable day in the life of all the pupils. The pupils of the

first form and the pupils of the eleventh one are preparing for this day

with great pleasure.

The teachers' room is on the second floor. There are tables and chairs

for teachers, a TV set and a telephone there. It is a comfortable and cosy

room and the teachers like to spend their free time in it. I like my

school. I go there and get knowledge.

THE CINEMA

The Lumiere brothers made their first film in 1895. This film was

demonstrated in one famous cafe in Paris.

The first films were silent and short, but they were popular among people.

The USA was the leader in the production of films. The first sound film

appeared in 1927. Soon coloured films appeared.

Cinematography has a long history in our country too.

Pioneers of the Russian cinema were Protozanov, Gardin, later Pudovkin and

Dovzhenko. At that time films were silent and black-and-white.

Later films became sound and colourful.

Some years ago it was popular to go to the cinemas in Moscow. It was

difficult to buy a ticket for a good film and we had to stand in a queue

for hours.

But now we prefer to stay at home and watch TV and video films.

In England the cinema is usually called "the pictures". The prices of

cinema seats in London are high. In the past cinemas were more popular than

they are now. It is interesting that in some towns in Britain the cinemas

are closed on Sundays.

I like to see documentary films best of all. Some of them are rather

interesting, because they tell us the truth about the history of our

country.

I like to see films about school life. As I study at school, such films

are connected with me. It is interesting to see films bout school life in

England, France, Spain and in the USA. It is interesting to know about

foreign education and to see their schools.

My favourite Russian film is "Moscow doesn't believe in tears". It is the

true story about the girl. She leaves her village for Moscow. This film

tells us about her difficulties, about her wish to live in the capital,

about her friends. I am sure that it is a kind and a clever film.

THE TRETYAKOV GALLERY

There are many interesting galleries in our country. The Tretyakov

Gallery is one

of the famous and well-known picture galleries in our country and all over

the world.

The State Tretyakov Gallery is situated in a Russian-looking building in

the centre of Moscow. This gallery is named after its founder Peter

Tretyakov. He began to collect Russian paintings in 1856. He wanted these

paintings to be seen by people.

This gallery and collections of paintings were nationalized in 1918.

The first works in Tretyakov's collection were the paintings of the "Pere-

dvizhniki". The collector bought paintings "Morning in a Pine Wood" by

Shish-kin and "Ivan Tsarevich on the Grey Wolf "by Vasnetsov.

The gallery has got many halls. There are halls devoted to the great

Russian painters of the 18th and 19th centuries. We can see pictures by

such painters as Serov, Repin, Ivanov, Levitan and others. You can see the

landscapes "After Rain" and "Golden Autumn". These paintings by Levitan are

beautiful. I like to see his paintings because he is one of my favourite

artists. I compare his painting "Golden Autumn" with the poem "Autumn" by

Pushkin.

There are some paintings by Repin in the Tretyakov Gallery. His paintings

are connected with the history of our country. For example, his painting

"Ivan Grozny Murders His Son Ivan". There are some portraits of Lev Tolstoy

and a self-portrait of Repin in this hall.

I like the painting "Trinity" by Andrei Rublyov. This work reflects the

life and soul of the Russian people.

This gallery has many new exhibits now. You can see works of the painters

of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century there. I like

works by Gerasimov. I think that he is a very talented painter.

BOOKS IN OUR LIFE

Books... I think that we can't live without them.

I consider that books are with us during all our life. When I was a child

my parents read them to me. I was pleased to listen to the stories and

tales. I learned a lot of interesting things from books. I remember, I

liked thick books.

Later I could read myself. I like to read books about animals, nature and

children.

I like to get presents on my birthday. I am happy if it is a book. It

doesn't matter what kind of book it is. I like to read almost all books. If

I have got time I like to spend it with my favourite book. When I was

fifteen I was fond of reading too.

But I preferred to read books about travels. I travelled with the heroes

of the stories. I saw many interesting places and learned a lot of

important facts about other countries and people.

Now I like to read books on science. You can learn many things from

books. I am sure that books play a very important role in my life.

Our family has got many books. All the members of our family buy books

and read them. My mother says that books help us in self-education.

In ancient times books were written by hand. It was difficult to write a

book with a pen. Then printing came into our life. Printing played an

important role in the development of literature and culture.

Now there are a lot of books in the shops, there are many books in our

flats. But it is difficult to buy all books which we want to read. That's

why we get books in public libraries.

There are some problems in our life and sometimes it is difficult to

solve them. I think that books can help us. Last year I read a very

interesting book "An American Tragedy" by Theodore Dreiser. This novel was

published at the beginning of the 20th century. The novel describes the

tragic fate of a boy and a girl, Clyde and Roberta by name. It is a sad

story. This novel was written many years ago, but it is popular nowadays.

Books must be our friends during all our life.